Method and apparatus for treating bone fractures, and/or for fortifying and/or augmenting bone, including the provision and use of composite implants

ABSTRACT

A composite implant comprising an injectable matrix material which is flowable and settable, and at least one reinforcing element for integration with the injectable matrix material, the at least one reinforcing element adding sufficient strength to the injectable matrix material such that when the composite implant is disposed in a cavity in a bone, the composite implant supports the bone. A method for treating a bone comprising: selecting at least one reinforcing element to be combined with an injectable matrix material to form a composite implant capable of supporting the bone; positioning the at least one reinforcing element in a cavity in the bone; flowing the injectable matrix material into the cavity wherein the injectable matrix material interfaces with the at least one reinforcing element; and transforming the injectable matrix material from a flowable state to a nonflowable state to establish a static structure that supports the adjacent bone.

REFERENCE TO PENDING PRIOR PATENT APPLICATIONS

This patent application:

(i) is a continuation-in-part of pending prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/781,473, filed Feb. 28, 2013 by Jeffrey A. D'Agostino et al. for METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING BONE FRACTURES, AND/OR FOR FORTIFYING AND/OR AUGMENTING BONE, INCLUDING THE PROVISION AND USE OF COMPOSITE IMPLANTS (Attorney's Docket No. 206 ORTHO-1), which patent application:

-   -   (a) is a continuation-in-part of prior U.S. patent application         Ser. No. 13/452,273, filed Apr. 20, 2012 by Jeffrey A.         D'Agostino et al. for IMPLANTABLE POLYMER FOR BONE AND VASCULAR         LESIONS (Attorney's Docket No. 111137-0002), which patent         application in turn (1) is a continuation-in-part of prior         International (PCT) Patent Application No. PCT/US2011/057124,         filed Oct. 20, 2011, and (2) claims benefit of prior U.S.         Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/394,968, filed Oct.         20, 2010; and     -   (b) claims benefit of prior U.S. Provisional Patent Application         Ser. No. 61/604,632, filed Feb. 29, 2012 by Jeffrey D'Agostino         et al. for SPLINT INJECTION (Attorney's Docket No. 0330.00005;         206 ORTHO-1 PROV);

(ii) claims benefit of pending prior U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/826,983, filed May 23, 2013 by Jeffrey D'Agostino et al. for METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING BONE FRACTURES, AND/OR FOR FORTIFYING AND/OR AUGMENTING BONE, INCLUDING THE PROVISION AND USE OF COMPOSITE IMPLANTS INCLUDING THERMOPLASTICS (Attorney's Docket No. IP206ORTHOPROV010; 206 ORTHO-4 PROV);

(iii) claims benefit of pending prior U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/826,994, filed May 23, 2013 by Jeffrey D'Agostino et al. for METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING BONE FRACTURES, AND/OR FOR FORTIFYING AND/OR AUGMENTING BONE, INCLUDING THE PROVISION AND USE OF COMPOSITE IMPLANTS INCLUDING URETHANES (Attorney's Docket No. IP206ORTHOPROV011; 206 ORTHO-5 PROV);

(iv) claims benefit of pending prior U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/828,463, filed May 29, 2013 by Jeffrey A. D'Agostino et al. for METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING BONE FRACTURES, AND/OR FOR FORTIFYING AND/OR AUGMENTING BONE, INCLUDING THE PROVISION AND USE OF COMPOSITE IMPLANTS (Attorney's Docket No. IP206ORTHOPROV012; 206 ORTHO-6 PROV); and

(v) claims benefit of pending prior U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/883,062, filed Sep. 26, 2013 by 206 ORTHO, Inc. and Jeffrey A. D'Agostino et al. for METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING BONE FRACTURES, AND/OR FOR FORTIFYING AND/OR AUGMENTING BONE, INCLUDING THE PROVISION AND USE OF COMPOSITE IMPLANTS (Attorney's Docket No. 206 ORTHO-8 PROV).

The nine (9) above-identified patent applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to methods and apparatus for treating bones, and more particularly to methods and apparatus for treating bone fractures and/or for fortifying and/or augmenting bone in mammals.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It is common for bones to become fractured as the result of a fall, an automobile accident, a sporting injury, etc. In these circumstances, it is common to reinforce the bone in the area of the fracture so as to support the bone during healing.

To this end, current treatment options typically comprise external stabilizers (e.g., plaster casts, braces, etc.) and internal stabilizers (e.g., screws, bone plates, intramedullary nails, etc.).

External stabilizers such as casts and external braces suffer from a number of disadvantages. For one thing, they can interfere with a patient's normal daily activities, e.g., it can be difficult to wear clothing over a cast, or to operate a motor vehicle with a cast, etc. Furthermore, with animals, external casting and bracing of some fractures can be extremely difficult. In addition, with external stabilizers, the soft tissue interposed between the bone and the external stabilizer is used to transmit load from the bone to the external stabilizer. As a result, shortly after application of the external stabilizer, the patient's intervening soft tissue will begin to atrophy through disuse, thereby requiring further rehabilitation for the patient. Furthermore, as the intervening soft tissue atrophies, the close supporting fit of the external stabilizer is disrupted and, as a result, effective load transfer is undermined.

Internal stabilizers such as pins, screws, bone plates, intramedullary nails, etc. generally provide a more effective stabilization of the fracture, since they are able to directly interface with the bone. However, installing these internal stabilizers requires an invasive surgical procedure, e.g., a relatively large incision, etc. Furthermore, after healing of the fracture, the internal stabilizers (screws, bone plates, intramedullary nails, etc.) should, ideally, be removed so as to allow the bone to fully recover its mechanical strength. This, however, requires a second surgical procedure, with additional trauma to the patient.

In some circumstances (e.g., such as with fractures in vertebral bodies), bone cements may be injected into the interior of the bone in an attempt to stabilize the bone. However, such bone cements suffer from disadvantages of their own. More particularly, such bone cements are typically ceramic cements, polymer-based cements (e.g., polymethyl methacrylate, also known as PMMA) or calcium salt-based cements. While these bone cements are typically capable of withstanding significant compressive loading, they are also extremely brittle and typically cannot withstand significant tensile loading. This limits their application in instances where the loading on the bone may include a tensile component. This means that bone cements are not suitable for use in many situations, particularly in long bones (e.g., the tibia). Additionally, the failure mode for brittle materials results in catastrophic failure that includes the creation of shards of material which are difficult to remove and create potential dangers for the anatomy.

The aforementioned polymers and cements can be molded into useful shapes or injected (i.e., applied in situ) which results in an anisotropic alignment of the polymer crystals, or they can be drawn and annealed by extrusion or pultrusion methods, which align the polymer crystals in an isotropic manner such that a favored directional mechanical advantage can be established that is greater than the molded or injected method. This is the way some polymer pins are formed. There are drawbacks to this practice and the materials used. There remains a top strength to the final form that may not be appropriate for all bone-reinforcement activities. There is a limit to the diameter of the final form that can be aligned, since pultrusion and extrusion heat from the outside to aid in aligning the polymer crystals, and larger diameter devices will have a core of material which is not heated and therefore is not aligned. Finally, the isotropic alignment augments performance in one direction such as compression but may increase brittleness in side shear or torsion.

Thus it will be seen that a new approach is needed for treating bone fractures.

In addition to the foregoing, in some circumstances a medical condition (e.g., osteoporosis) can weaken or damage a bone, including the creation of voids within the bone, and it may be desirable to fortify and/or augment a bone so that it can better withstand the forces associated with normal physical activity. Unfortunately, however, the aforementioned external stabilizers, internal stabilizers and bone cements have all proven inadequate for fortifying and/or augmenting a bone, e.g., for the reasons given above.

Thus it will be seen that a new approach is also needed for fortifying and/or augmenting a bone.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a new approach for treating bone fractures.

The present invention also provides a new approach for fortifying and/or augmenting a bone.

More particularly, the present invention comprises the provision and use of a novel composite implant for treating bone fractures and/or for fortifying and/or augmenting a bone. The composite implant is created from at least one reinforcing element, embedded within a matrix. The matrix material of the composite implant can be either anisotropic or isotropic, depending on the requirements of the final construct. The composite implant is disposed within the intramedullary canal of a bone, or within another opening in the bone, either directly or within a containment bag, so as to function as an internal “splint”, whereby to carry the stress created during patient activity. This allows a bone fracture to heal, or provides fortification and/or augmentation of a bone, with minimum inconvenience to the patient. The composite implant comprises a plurality of components that are introduced sequentially into the patient, and assembled in-situ, wherein each of the components has a size and flexibility which allows it to be installed using a minimally invasive approach while collectively providing the required structural reinforcement for the bone which is being treated. Significantly, the properties of the composite implant can be custom tailored for different treatment situations, e.g., the composite implant can have different lengths and/or different cross-sectional dimensions, the composite implant can have different compressive and/or tensile strengths, etc., all according to the individual needs of a particular patient.

Composite implants have the added advantage of being tough, i.e., non-brittle, such that the failure mode does not result in catastrophic shattering. The ductility of a composite implant, and the interlocking of reinforcing and/or fibrous elements contained within the implant, is resistant to complete separation, thus there may be an element that breaks down, however, the final composite implant will not fully segment.

In one preferred form of the invention, the composite implant comprises three components: a containment bag, one or more reinforcing elements and an injectable matrix material.

The containment bag serves to protect the remaining components of the composite implant from the ingress of blood and/or other bodily fluids that might interfere with the deployment of the one or more reinforcing elements and/or interfere with the deployment or solidification of the injectable matrix material. The containment bag also serves to constrain the flow of the injectable matrix material while the injectable matrix material is in its injectable state. The containment bag is flexible and may be fabricated from a resorbable polymer such as a polyurethane, polylactic acid, glycolic acid or some mixture/copolymer thereof. Alternatively, the containment bag may be formed from fibers that are woven, braided, knit, nonwoven, and/or otherwise worked so as to form a mesh bag. Suitable fibers include polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, polydioxanone or mixtures/copolymers thereof. In any case, the containment bag preferably has sufficient strength to allow the injectable matrix material to be injected into the containment bag under substantial pressure and/or vacuum so as to ensure good interfacial contact between the injectable matrix material and the one or more reinforcing elements, and to minimize voids within the containment bag, and to ensure good interfacial contact between the composite implant and the bone. Ideally the mesh bag is hydrophobic so as to minimize the ingress of bodily fluids into the containment bag that may otherwise interfere with the deployment or solidification of the various components of the composite implant. Alternatively, the mesh bag may have a limited porosity to allow some egress of the injectable matrix material out of the containment bag, e.g., to osseointegrate with the surrounding bone. The containment bag may have a hydrophobicity and porosity that affects the biocompatibility and degradation of the composite implant by modulating the ingress of water into the interior of the containment bag.

The one or more reinforcing elements comprise (i) flexible reinforcing sheets (which are preferably in the form of flexible concentric reinforcing tubes or flexible rolled reinforcing sheets), with the flexible reinforcing sheets comprising filaments formed into a textile (i.e., woven, braided, knit, nonwoven, and/or otherwise worked so as to form the flexible reinforcing sheets) or incorporated into a film so as to form the flexible reinforcing sheets, (ii) flexible reinforcing rods, with the flexible reinforcing rods comprising a plurality of filaments which are held together by an outer sheath of a textile or film (which may or may not have the same composition as the aforementioned flexible reinforcing sheets), or by a compacted (wound or compressed, etc.) connecting structure of a textile or film, or by a binder such as an adhesive, with or without surface projections for improved integration with the injectable matrix material, (iii) particulates (e.g., particles, granules, segments, nanotubes, whiskers, nanorods, etc.), or (iv) combinations of the foregoing. Where the one or more reinforcing elements comprise flexible reinforcing sheets and/or flexible reinforcing rods, the one or more reinforcing elements preferably have sufficient column strength to allow longitudinal delivery into the containment bag by pushing, and preferably have a configuration (e.g., smooth outer surfaces, tapered ends, coatings, etc.) to facilitate movement past other reinforcing elements and/or intervening structures (e.g., catheter structures). Furthermore, where the one or more reinforcing elements comprise flexible reinforcing sheets (e.g., concentric tubes or rolled sheets) which are intended to be radially compressed during delivery to facilitate passage through a small opening (e.g., a catheter or surgical opening), the flexible reinforcing sheets (e.g., concentric tubes or rolled sheets) may comprise resilient elements (e.g., resilient rings) to assist their subsequent return to an expanded state when positioned within the containment bag.

The filaments and particulates used to form the aforementioned reinforcing elements may be biodegradable or bioabsorbable, or non-biodegradable or non-bioabsorbable. By way of example but not limitation, suitable biodegradable or bioabsorbable materials include polyglycolide (PGA), glycolide copolymers, glycolide/lactide copolymers (PGA/PLA), glycolide/trimethylene carbonate copolymers (PGA/TMC), stereoisomers and copolymers of polylactide, poly-L-lactide (PLLA), poly-D-lactide (PDLA), poly-DL-lactide (PDLLA), L-lactide, DL-lactide copolymers, L-lactide, D-lactide copolymers, lactide tetramethylene glycolide copolymers, lactide/trimethylene carbonate copolymers, lactide/delta-valerolactone copolymers, lactide/epsilon-caprolactone copolymers, polydepsipeptide (glycine-DL-lactide copolymer), polylactide/ethylene oxide copolymers, asymmetrically 3,6-substituted poly-1,4-dioxane-2,4-diones, poly-β hydroxybutyrate (PHBA), PHBA/beta-hydroxyvalerate copolymers (PHBA/PHVA), poly-beta.-hydroxypropionate (PHPA), poly-beta-dioxanone (PDS), poly-DELTA-valerolactone, poly-DELTA-caprolactone, methyl methacrylate-N-vinyl pyrrolidone copolymers, polyester amides, oxalic acid polyesters, polydihydropyrans, polypeptides from alpha-amino acids, poly-beta-maleic acid (PMLA), poly-beta-alkanoic acids, polyethylene oxide (PEO), silk, collagen, derivatized hyaluronic acid and chitin polymers, and resorbable metals, resorbable ceramics, and phosphate, borate, and silicate soluble glasses containing other inorganic ions. By way of further example but not limitation, suitable non-biodegradable or non-bioabsorbable materials include polyolefins, polyamides, polyesters and polyimides, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and carbon fiber, and metals, ceramics, and glasses.

As will hereinafter be discussed, the one or more reinforcing elements 15 are selected by the physician so as to provide the composite implant with the desired size, stiffness and strength. Thus, and as will hereinafter be discussed, the physician may select from a variety of different reinforcing elements, each having a particular composition and length, and preferably deliver those reinforcing elements sequentially to the patient, whereby to provide the composite implant with the desired size, stiffness and strength. The physician may, optionally, size the reinforcement elements to the appropriate length.

The injectable matrix material is preferably polymeric and is preferably biodegradable. The matrix material is preferably a multi-component polymer system that is mixed immediately prior to introduction into the patient. Preferably, each of the components and the mixture have viscosities less than 3000 cps. Optionally, the injectable matrix material may contain a biocompatible solvent, with the solvent reducing viscosity so as to allow the matrix material to be injected, and with the solvent thereafter rapidly diffusing from the composite implant so as to facilitate or provide stiffening of the composite implant. The solvent may also be used to alter the porosity of the injectable matrix material.

In one preferred form of the invention, the injectable matrix material is preferably an organic polymer that can be formed via a polymerization process.

If desired, the injectable matrix material may also comprise a bioactive or insoluble filler material, a therapeutic agent, and/or an agent to enhance visibility while imaging the composite implant.

The composite implant is disposed within the intramedullary canal of a bone, or within another opening in the bone, so as to function as an internal “splint”, whereby to carry the stress created during patient activity. This allows a bone fracture to heal, or provides fortification and/or augmentation of bone, with minimum inconvenience to the patient.

As a modular system, each element of the composite implant is capable of being delivered to a fracture site in a minimally invasive manner (e.g., with an access point as small as 3 mm) and assembled within the body, i.e., with an in situ construction. This form of the invention is advantageous, inasmuch as the final composite implant will have strength commensurate with the non-fractured bone and will be physically tough (i.e., non-brittle) but will have low impact on the patient's soft tissue during implantation, thereby allowing a quicker return to activities.

A containment bag can be used to protect the remaining components of the composite implant from the ingress of blood and/or other bodily fluids that might interfere with the deployment of the one or more reinforcing elements and/or interfere with the deployment or solidification of the injectable matrix material.

In one preferred form of the invention, the components of the composite implant are introduced sequentially into the patient, and assembled in-situ, thereby allowing the composite implant to be installed using a minimally invasive approach.

In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the aforementioned composite implant is preassembled for insertion via “open” procedures when minimally invasive procedures are not required or are not advantageous to the patient. In this situation, a pre-formed composite implant may be molded or pultruded so as to form a strong composite implant with features such as barbs, threads, and/or other mechanical features advantageous for implantation or to create blanks that can be machined or over-molded to a final mechanical shape. If the composite implant is constructed using bioabsorbable materials, the composite nature of the composite implant will deliver superior strength and toughness performance over products produced with a pure or blended polymer matrix. Additionally, the protrusion pultrusion or extrusion that includes a reinforcement element will not have the restriction on diameter imposed on polymer protrusion since alignment of the matrix polymer crystals is of secondary import to the inclusion of the reinforcing element. The composite implant may be secured mechanically (threads) or by further use of injectable matrix material to fill the spaces and act as liquid threads for the composite implant.

By way of example but not limitation, the composite implant may be used in the following manner to treat a fracture in the tibia.

The first step is to create an access hole into the bone that is to be treated. When treating fractures in long bones, the hole is made into the intramedullary canal distal to, or proximal to, the fracture site.

The second step is to remove or harvest the bone marrow (and/or other matter) in the intramedullary canal, and to clean the intramedullary canal, so as to provide a space for the composite implant. This is done through the access hole previously created. In one preferred form of the invention, the device for removing or harvesting of the bone marrow from the intramedullary canal comprises a catheter with provision for introducing a liquid or gas into the intramedullary canal and suction for removal of material from the intramedullary canal. The liquid or gas can be used to disrupt the content in the intramedullary canal or prepare the intramedullary canal for a composite implant. The liquid or gas can be introduced in a continuous, pulsed, or intermittent flow. A rotatable flexible rod, with a shaped end or attachment at the distal end, is optionally used to disrupt the bone marrow in the intramedullary canal so as to aid in the removal of the bone marrow. When harvest of the bone marrow is required, a tissue trap is utilized.

The third step, if needed, is to place a flow restrictor plug in the intramedullary canal distal to, and/or proximal to, where the composite implant will be placed in the intramedullary canal. Again, this is done through the access hole previously created. The flow restrictor plugs may be placed prior to the removal or harvest of the bone marrow (and/or other matter) to define the area to be cleaned. Where two flow restrictor plugs are used, the two flow restrictor plugs may be connected to one another.

The fourth step, if needed, is to return the bone to proper alignment.

The fifth step is to introduce the containment bag into the intramedullary canal via the access hole previously created. In one preferred form of the invention, the containment bag is introduced into the intramedullary canal through a delivery catheter, and is releasably attached to a catheter that is used for subsequent delivery of the remaining components of the composite implant, i.e., the one or more reinforcement elements and the injectable matrix material. Note that the flexible (and compressible) nature of the containment bag facilitates its delivery into the intramedullary canal via a minimally invasive approach (i.e., via the access hole previously created). The containment bag may comprise an auxiliary channel to allow monitoring and control of subsequent pressure within the containment bag. The auxiliary channel may be used to remove entrapped air from the composite implant during filling of the containment bag with the injectable matrix material. The auxiliary channel may also be used to pressurize or depressurize (create a vacuum) the injectable matrix material so as to enhance bonding of the injectable matrix material with adjacent structures (e.g., the reinforcing elements, the containment bag, bone, etc.). This auxiliary channel may be parallel to the delivery catheter, or inside the delivery catheter, or the auxiliary channel may be at the distal end of the containment bag. Alternatively, there may be a valve at the distal end of the containment bag, or at other strategic regions of the containment bag, that can limit pressure within the containment bag.

The sixth step is to sequentially introduce the one or more reinforcing elements into the containment bag. This is done through the access hole previously created. Note that the flexible nature of the reinforcing elements facilitates their delivery into the containment bag via the access hole previously created. Alternatively, the reinforcing elements are reversibly made flexible via external energy, such as the application of heat or an electrical current, prior to insertion through the catheter, and attain maximum strength (or return to full strength) once delivered to the target area to be splinted. The one or more reinforcing structures are preferably introduced into the containment bag sequentially so as to build up a reinforcing mass. In one preferred form of the invention, a plurality of flexible concentric reinforcing tubes are sequentially inserted into the containment bag, with one flexible reinforcing tube being nested inside another, and a plurality of flexible reinforcing rods are sequentially inserted within the innermost concentric reinforcing tube. In one preferred form of the invention, the flexible reinforcing sheets (which are preferably in the form of concentric tubes or rolled sheets) are delivered to the interior of the containment bag by pushing them out of a delivery tube or, alternatively, by carrying them into the containment bag while held within a delivery tube and then retracting the delivery tube, whereby to expose the flexible reinforcing sheets. Preferably the size and number of concentric reinforcing tubes and reinforcing rods are selected so as to meet the individual needs of a particular patient. The number of concentric reinforcing tubes utilized in the composite implant, and/or their lengths and/or cross-sectional dimensions, and/or the number of reinforcing rods used, and/or their lengths and/or cross-sectional dimensions, may be selected according to the individual needs of a particular patient. Preferably the number, length, and cross-sectional dimensions of the reinforcing tubes, and the number, length, and cross-sectional dimensions of the reinforcing rods, are selected so as to provide a composite implant having variable stiffness along its length, e.g., a composite implant having a stiffer central region (e.g., 20 GPa) and less stiff distal and proximal ends (e.g., 3 GPa), whereby to prevent stress risers from being created at the ends of the composite implant. To this end, the reinforcing tubes, and the reinforcing rods, are preferably provided in a variety of sizes with a range of mechanical properties for appropriate selection by the physician; alternatively, the reinforcing tubes and/or reinforcing rods may be sized at the time of use by the physician. If desired, a guidewire may be provided to facilitate introduction of the one or more reinforcing elements into the containment bag. This guidewire is preferably attached to the distal end of the containment bag using an adhesive or other non-permanent attachment means. After the one or more reinforcement elements have been placed in the containment bag, the guidewire can be detached from the containment bag by pulling or twisting the guidewire. Alternatively, the guidewire may be absorbable, in which case it may be left in the patient at the conclusion of the procedure.

The seventh step is to introduce the injectable matrix material into the containment bag. Again this is done through the access hole previously created. In one preferred form of the invention, an injection tube is used to deliver the injectable matrix material into the containment bag under pressure, where it flows over and through the one or more reinforcement structures contained within the containment bag. Vacuum may be used during the delivery of the injectable matrix material to aid in the wetting out of the reinforcement structures and removal of trapped air. Vacuum may be achieved through a medical facility's common “wall” suction or through volume evacuation via a disposable syringe, such as a 60 cc syringe from Becton-Dickinson. The injection tube is withdrawn after the matrix material is injected into the containment bag. The injection tube is, preferably, also capable of transmitting an energy wave (such as electro-magnetic, or electro-mechanical such as ultrasonic vibration, light) into the injectable matrix material in cases where pulsatile flow or the application of vibrational forces is required to aid injecting the matrix material into the containment bag or to initiate curing of the matrix material.

The eighth step is to solidify the injectable matrix material so that the matrix material, the one or more reinforcing elements and the containment bag become a single solidified structure capable of providing support across the fracture line while the bone fracture heals. This reaction can be catalyzed with energy (electromagnetic—alternating current or ultra-violet, acoustic—ultrasound, or electro-mechanical such as ultrasonic vibrations), a chemical catalyst with a time delayed action, or a chemical catalyst released at a preferable time frame as per the disruption of catalyst-filled micro-bubbles. Preferably, the solidification process occurs at a rate that allows for complete filling and wet-out of the composite structure prior to achieving a gel-like state within minutes and hardens to a reasonably immovable mass within tens of minutes with a full hard state achieved within 5 days.

The ninth step is to close the wound.

Thus it will be seen that the present invention comprises the provision and use of a novel composite implant for treating bone fractures (and/or for fortifying and augmenting a bone). The composite implant is disposed within the intramedullary canal of the bone (or within another opening in the bone) so as to function as a “splint”, whereby to carry the stress created during patient activity. This approach allows the bone fracture to heal (or provides fortification and/or augmentation of a bone) with minimum inconvenience to the patient. The composite implant comprises a plurality of components that are introduced sequentially into the patient, and assembled in situ, thereby allowing the composite implant to be installed using a minimally invasive approach. Significantly, the properties of the composite implant can be custom tailored for different treatment situations, e.g., the composite implant can have different lengths and/or cross-sectional dimensions, the composite implant can have different mechanical properties, e.g. compressive and/or tensile strengths, etc., all according to the individual needs of a particular patient.

In another preferred form of the invention, the components of the composite implant are assembled or manufactured external to the body, and then introduced to the implant site, e.g., as an implant of various geometries such as pins, screws, or nails. In another form of the invention, the injectable matrix material may partially pre-manufactured external to the body, and further impregnated or interfaced with the implant site by an additional amount of the injectable matrix material hardened after the composite implant has been introduced to the implant site in order to support the bone.

In another preferred form of the present invention, there is provided a method for treating a bone, the method comprising:

selecting at least one reinforcing element to be combined with an injectable matrix material so as to together form a composite implant capable of supporting the bone;

positioning the at least one reinforcing element in a cavity in the bone;

flowing the injectable matrix material into the cavity in the bone so that the injectable matrix material interfaces with the at least one reinforcing element; and

transforming the injectable matrix material from a flowable state to a non-flowable state so as to establish a static structure for the composite implant, such that the composite implant supports the adjacent bone.

In another preferred form of the present invention, there is provided a composite implant comprising a containment bag, an injectable matrix material for positioning within the containment bag, wherein the injectable matrix material is flowable and settable, and at least one reinforcing element for positioning within the containment bag and integration with the injectable matrix material, the at least one reinforcing element adding sufficient strength to the injectable matrix material such that when the composite implant is disposed in a cavity in a bone, the composite implant supports the bone;

wherein the containment bag comprises a permeation barrier for providing at least one of (i) prohibiting or modulating the release of injectable matrix material out of the containment bag into the surrounding environment, and (ii) prohibiting or modulating the ingress of body fluids into the interior of the containment bag, whereby to regulate contact of body fluids with the injectable matrix material and the reinforcing elements, whereby to regulate the degredation rate of the injectable matrix material and the reinforcing elements.

In another preferred form of the present invention, there is provided a method for treating a bone, the method comprising:

providing a containment bag, at least one reinforcing element to be positioned within the containment bag, and an injectable matrix material to be positioned within the containment bag so as to together form a composite implant capable of supporting the bone, wherein the containment bag comprises a permeation barrier for providing at least one of (i) prohibiting or modulating the release of injectable matrix material out of the containment bag into the surrounding environment, and (ii) prohibiting or modulating the ingress of body fluids into the interior of the containment bag, whereby to regulate contact of body fluids with the injectable matrix material and the reinforcing elements, whereby to regulate the degredation rate of the injectable matrix material and the reinforcing elements;

positioning the containment bag in a cavity in the bone;

positioning the at least one reinforcing element in the containment bag;

flowing the injectable matrix material into the containment bag so that the injectable matrix material interfaces with the at least one reinforcing element; and

transforming the injectable matrix material from a flowable state to a non-flowable state so as to establish a static structure for the composite implant, such that the composite implant supports the adjacent bone.

In another preferred form of the present invention, there is provided a thermoplastic polymer implant comprising a thermoplastic polymer matrix and a high modulus fiber component having a tensile modulus from about 8 GPa to about 400 GPa.

In another preferred form of the present invention, there is provided a method for treating a bone, the method comprising:

selecting at least one reinforcing element to be combined with an injectable matrix material so as to together form a composite implant capable of supporting the bone, wherein the at least one reinforcing element comprises a high modulus fiber component having a tensile modulus of about 8 GPa to about 400 GPa;

positioning the at least one reinforcing element in a cavity in the bone;

flowing the injectable matrix material into the cavity in the bone so that the injectable matrix material interfaces with the at least one reinforcing element; and

transforming the injectable matrix material from a flowable state to a non-flowable state so as to establish a static structure for the composite implant, such that the composite implant supports the adjacent bone.

In another preferred form of the present invention, there is provided a method for treating a bone, the method comprising:

selecting at least one high modulus fiber component having a tensile modulus from about 8 GPa to about 400 GPa, wherein the at least one high modulus fiber component comprises a rod having a cross-section selected from the group consisting of round and circular;

flowing an injectable matrix material into the cavity in the bone so that the injectable matrix material interfaces with the at least one high modulus fiber component so as to form a composite implant, wherein the injectable matrix material comprises a thermoplastic polymer matrix; and

transforming the injectable matrix material from a flowable state to a non-flowable state so as to establish a static structure for the composite implant, such that the composite implant supports the adjacent bone.

In another preferred form of the present invention, there is provided a method for treating a bone, the method comprising:

selecting at least one high modulus fiber component having a tensile modulus from about 8 GPa to about 400 GPa, wherein the high modulus fiber component comprises a plurality of fibers, and further wherein the high modulus fiber component is pre-loaded with an injectable matrix material just prior to implantation so as to together form a composite implant, wherein the injectable matrix material comprises a thermoplastic polymer matrix;

positioning the composite implant in a cavity in the bone;

flowing additional injectable matrix material into the high modulus fiber component so that the injectable matrix material exudes from the surfaces of the high modulus fiber component and interfaces with the surrounding bone cavity; and

transforming the injectable matrix material from a flowable state to a non-flowable state so as to establish a static structure for the composite implant, such that the composite implant supports the adjacent bone and or approximated soft tissue.

In another preferred form of the present invention, there is provided a polymer implant comprising a high modulus fiber reinforcing component and a urethane polymer matrix.

In another preferred form of the present invention, there is provided a method for treating a bone, the method comprising:

selecting at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component to be combined with a urethane polymer matrix so as to together form a polymer implant capable of supporting the bone;

positioning the at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component in a cavity in the bone;

flowing the urethane polymer matrix into the cavity in the bone so that the urethane polymer matrix interfaces with the at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component; and

transforming the urethane polymer matrix from a flowable state to a non-flowable state so as to establish a static structure for the polymer implant, such that the polymer implant supports the adjacent bone.

In another preferred form of the present invention, there is provided a method for treating a bone, the method comprising:

selecting at least one pre-formed polymer implant created from at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component combined with a urethane polymer matrix so as to together form a polymer implant capable of supporting the bone;

positioning the at least one pre-formed polymer implant in a cavity in the bone;

flowing a urethane polymer matrix into the cavity in the bone so that the urethane polymer matrix interfaces with the at least one pre-formed polymer implant; and

transforming the urethane polymer matrix from a flowable state to a non-flowable state so as to establish a static structure for the polymer implant, such that the polymer implant supports the adjacent bone.

In another preferred form of the present invention, there is provided a method for treating a bone, the method comprising:

selecting at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component which is pre-loaded with a urethane polymer matrix just prior to implantation so as to together form a polymer implant capable of supporting the bone once fully cured;

positioning at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component in a cavity in the bone;

flowing additional urethane polymer matrix into the at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component so that the urethane polymer matrix exudes from the surfaces of the at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component and interfaces with the surrounding bone cavity; and

transforming the urethane polymer matrix from a flowable state to a non-flowable state so as to establish a static structure for the polymer implant, such that the polymer implant supports the adjacent bone and or approximated soft tissue.

In another preferred form of the present invention, there is provided a composite implant comprising an injectable matrix material which is flowable and settable, and at least one reinforcing element for integration with the injectable matrix material, the injectable matrix material comprising a resin, and the at least one reinforcing element adding sufficient strength to the injectable matrix material such that when the composite implant is disposed in a cavity in a bone, the composite implant supports the bone.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other objects and features of the present invention will be more fully disclosed or rendered obvious by the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention, which is to be considered together with the accompanying drawings wherein like numbers refer to like parts, and further wherein:

FIGS. 1 and 2 are schematic views of a composite implant formed in accordance with the present invention;

FIGS. 3 and 4 are schematic views of a concentric reinforcing tube that may be used to form the composite implant of FIGS. 1 and 2;

FIGS. 5 and 6 are schematic views of a rolled sheet that may be used to form the composite implant of FIGS. 1 and 2;

FIGS. 6A and 6B are schematic views showing how a flexible rolled reinforcing sheet may be radially compressed during delivery to the containment bag (FIG. 6A) and thereafter radially expanded (FIG. 6B) within the containment bag;

FIGS. 7 and 8 are schematic views of a flexible reinforcing rod that may be used to form the composite implant of FIGS. 1 and 2;

FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C and 8D are schematic views showing alternative forms of the flexible reinforcing rods of the present invention;

FIGS. 9-23 are schematic views showing a composite implant being assembled in situ so as to treat a bone fracture;

FIGS. 24-26 show alternative forms of the composite implant of the present invention; and

FIG. 27 shows how the guidewire used to deliver the composite implant may also be used to reduce a fracture and/or to help stabilize the fracture;

FIG. 28 is a graph showing material modulus vs. fiber volume;

FIG. 29 shows how the reinforcing elements may be formed from fibers comprising columnar axial supports and angular cross fibers;

FIG. 30 shows the flexural modulus of various composite implants;

FIG. 31 shows the flexural modulus of other composite implants;

FIG. 32 shows the flexural modulus of still other composite implants;

FIG. 33 shows various composite implant configurations;

FIG. 34 shows other composite implant configurations;

FIG. 35 shows still other composite implant configurations;

FIG. 36 shows additional composite implant configurations;

FIG. 37 shows load versus position for various composite implants;

FIG. 38 shows flex modulus versus hours submerged for coated and uncoated containment bags; and

FIG. 39 shows matrix fill volume versus time for different composite implant constructions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention provides a new approach for treating bone fractures using a composite implant.

The present invention also provides a new approach for fortifying and/or augmenting a bone using a composite implant.

Composite Implant

More particularly, the present invention comprises the provision and use of a novel composite implant for treating bone fractures and/or for fortifying and/or augmenting a bone. The composite implant is disposed within the intramedullary canal of a bone, or within another opening in the bone, so as to function as an internal “splint”, whereby to carry the stress created during patient activity. This allows a bone fracture to heal, or provides fortification and/or augmentation of a bone, with minimum inconvenience to the patient. The composite implant comprises a plurality of components that are introduced sequentially into the patient, and assembled in-situ, wherein each of the components has a size and flexibility that allows it to be installed using a minimally invasive approach while collectively providing the required structural reinforcement for the bone that is being treated. Significantly, the properties of the composite implant can be custom tailored for different treatment situations, e.g., the composite implant can have different lengths and/or different cross-sectional dimensions, the composite implant can have different compressive and/or tensile strengths, etc., all according to the individual needs of a particular patient. Also significantly, the composite implant of the present invention is amenable to both in situ fabrication and pre-operative assembly of more conventional means.

In one preferred form of the invention, and looking now at FIGS. 1 and 2, the composite implant 5 comprises three components: a containment bag 10, one or more reinforcing elements 15 and an injectable matrix material 20.

Containment Bag

The containment bag 10 serves to protect the remaining components of the composite implant from the ingress of blood and/or other bodily fluids that might interfere with the deployment of the one or more reinforcing elements 15 and/or interfere with the deployment or solidification of the injectable matrix material 20. The containment bag 10 also serves to constrain the flow of the injectable matrix material 20 while the injectable matrix material 20 is in its injectable state. The containment bag is flexible and may be fabricated from a resorbable polymer such as a polyurethane, polylactic acid, glycolic acid or some mixture/copolymer thereof, or thermoplastics such as polycaprolactones (PCL), polylactic acids (PLA), polyhydroxybutyrates (PHB), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerates) (PHBV), and variations and blends and copolymers thereof, with variable crystallinity so as to adjust the rate of the ingress of water or aqueous fluid through the bag. The polymers listed previously can also be compounded within a range of 1-25% volume fraction, preferably 3-10% volume fraction, with nano- and/or micro-particulate with a range of sizes from 1 nm to 100 um, and a range of aspect ratios (either aligned or misaligned), from 1-500 (length/diameter). The particulate can be inorganic materials such as bioabsorbable glasses, calcium phosphate salts of any Ca/P ratio, carbon nano-structures, or nano-clays such as cloisite, halloysite, bentonite, or montmorillonite, or modified nanoclays such as organomontmorillonite, or metal compounds including composite oxides, etc. The particulate could also be organic, such as jute or silk fibers. The particulate can be used to improve mechanical properties of the bag as well as to create a torturous path for water, delaying ingress of aqueous media, but is not limited to these uses. Alternatively, the containment bag 10 may be formed from fibers that are woven, braided, knit, nonwoven, and/or otherwise worked so as to form a mesh bag. Suitable fibers include polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, polydioxanone or mixtures/copolymers thereof, carbon fibers, bioresorbable and soluble glasses, and/or metal, and/or PHBs. The containment bag can be formed by alternating layers of the same or varying materials in any combination, either by alternating axial orientation or not, such as by co-extrusion, heat pressing, or by any method of combining the materials. In any case, the containment bag preferably has sufficient strength to allow the injectable matrix material to be injected into the containment bag under substantial pressure so as to ensure good interfacial contact between the injectable matrix material and the one or more reinforcing elements, the containment bag and the bone, and to minimize voids within the containment bag. The containment bag may be hydrophobic so as to minimize the ingress of bodily fluids into the containment bag that may otherwise interfere with the deployment or solidification or accelerate the degradation of the various components of the composite implant. Optionally, the containment bag may have a limited porosity to allow some egress of the injectable matrix material 20 out of the containment bag, e.g., to osseointegrate with the surrounding bone. In this respect it should be appreciated that such porosity may be varied across the extent of the containment bag so as to provide regions of greater or lesser porosity to the injectable matrix material 20, thus providing control of the ability of the injectable matrix material to infiltrate the surrounding bone.

Significantly, the porosity of the containment bag may be set so as to regulate the permeability of body fluids into the interior of the containment bag, whereby to regulate contact of those body fluids with the injectable matrix material and the reinforcing elements, whereby to regulate the degredation rate of the injectable matrix material and the reinforcing elements.

Thus, in one form of the invention, containment bag 10 comprises a structural barrier for constraining the disposition of one or more reinforcing elements 15 and injectable matrix material 20 within the bone. Significantly, containment bag 10 may comprise a permeation barrier for prohibiting or modulating the release of injectable matrix material 20 out of containment bag 10 and into the surrounding environment. Furthermore, containment bag 10 may comprise a permeation barrier for prohibiting or modulating the ingress of body fluids into the interior of the containment bag (and hence regulating the degradation rate of injectable matrix material 20 and/or reinforcing elements 15 contained within the containment bag).

In one form of the invention, containment bag 10 comprises a PHA, e.g., Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB), poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB), polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV), polyhydroxyhexanoate (PHH), polyhydroxyoctanoate (PHO), 3HA acids, etc.

In one form of the invention, containment bag 10 comprises copolymers made from made from monomers, e.g., glycolic acid, lactic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3HP), 4-hydroxybutyrate (4HB), 5-hydroxyvalerate (5HV), 3-hydroxyhexanoate (3HH), 6-hydroxyhexanoate (6HH), 3-hydroxyoctanoate (3HO), etc.

In one form of the invention, containment bag 10 comprises a PHA copolymer, e.g., polyhydroxyoctanoate-co-hexanoate (PHOH), polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV), 3-polyhydroxybutytrate-co-4-polyhydroxybutyrate (PHBco4HB), 3-polyhydroxybutytrate-co-5-polyhydroxy valerate, 3-polyhydroxybutytrate-co-6-polyhydroxyhexanoate, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate copolymer, PHB4HB, PHBco4HB, PLA/P(3HB-3HH), etc.

It should also be appreciated that containment bag 10 may be formed out of one or more of the materials used to form reinforcing elements 15 and/or one or more of the materials used to form injectable matrix material 20, appropriately processed so as to provide the functional requirements of containment bag 10.

Reinforcing Elements

The one or more reinforcing elements 15 comprise (i) flexible reinforcing sheets 22 (which are preferably in the form of concentric tubes such as is shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 or rolled sheets such as is shown in FIGS. 5 and 6), with the flexible reinforcing sheets 22 comprising filaments 23 formed into a textile (i.e., woven, braided, knit, nonwoven, and/or otherwise worked so as to form the flexible reinforcing sheets 22) or incorporated into a film so as to form the flexible reinforcing sheets 22, (ii) flexible reinforcing rods 35 (FIGS. 7, 8, 8A, 8B, 8C and 8D), with the flexible reinforcing rods 35 comprising a plurality of filaments 40 which are held together by an outer sheath 45 (FIGS. 7 and 8) of a textile or film (which may or may not have the same composition and fiber orientation as the aforementioned flexible reinforcing sheets 22), or by a compacted (wound or compressed, etc.) connecting structure of a textile or film 45A (FIGS. 8A and 8B), or by a binder 46 (FIG. 8C) such as an adhesive, with or without surface projections 47 for improved integration with injectable matrix material 20, (iii) particulates (e.g., particles, granules, segments, whiskers, nanotubes, nanorods, etc.), or (iv) combinations of the foregoing. Where the one or more reinforcing elements comprise flexible reinforcing sheets and/or flexible reinforcing rods, the one or more reinforcing elements preferably have sufficient column strength to allow longitudinal delivery into the containment bag by pushing, and preferably have a configuration (e.g., textured outer surfaces, tapered ends, etc.) to facilitate movement past other reinforcing elements and/or intervening structures (e.g., catheter structures). The one or more reinforcing elements preferably can be introduced by means of a delivery catheter or sheath. Furthermore, where the one or more reinforcing elements comprise flexible reinforcing sheets (e.g., concentric tubes or rolled sheets) which are intended to be radially compressed during delivery to facilitate passage through a small opening (e.g., a catheter or surgical opening), the flexible reinforcing sheets (e.g., concentric tubes or rolled sheets) may comprise resilient elements 46 (e.g., resilient rings) to assist their subsequent return to an expanded state when positioned within the containment bag. The resilient elements may be thermosensitive or have a shape memory.

Thus, the composite implant of the present invention is formed from reinforcing elements that may be made up of fibers from various materials or “rods” of homogeneous or heterogeneous elements, configured in a solid, wound, braided, woven, or interlink-stacked manner. The rods may or may not be likewise interwoven by further braiding, weaving, or winding elements of similar or different fibrous elements.

The filaments, fibers, and particulates used to form the aforementioned reinforcing elements may be biodegradable or bioabsorbable, or non-biodegradable or non-bioabsorbable. By way of example but not limitation, suitable biodegradable or bioabsorbable materials include polyglycolide (PGA), glycolide copolymers, glycolide/lactide copolymers (PGA/PLA), glycolide/trimethylene carbonate copolymers (PGA/TMC), stereoisomers and copolymers of polylactide, poly-L-lactide (PLLA), poly-D-lactide (PDLA), poly-DL-lactide (PDLLA), L-lactide, DL-lactide copolymers, L-lactide, D-lactide copolymers, lactide tetramethylene glycolide copolymers, lactide/trimethylene carbonate copolymers, lactide/delta-valerolactone copolymers, lactide/epsilon-caprolactone copolymers, polydepsipeptide (glycine-DL-lactide copolymer), polylactide/ethylene oxide copolymers, asymmetrically 3,6-substituted poly-1,4-dioxane-2,4-diones, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), poly-β hydroxybutyrate (PHB), poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB), PHB/beta-hydroxyvalerate copolymers (PHB/PHV), poly-beta.-hydroxypropionate (PHP), poly-beta-dioxanone (PDS), polyhydroxyhexanoate (PHH), polyhydroxyoctanoate (PHO), poly-DELTA-valerolactone, poly-DELTA-caprolactone, methyl methacrylate-N-vinyl pyrrolidone copolymers, polyester amides, oxalic acid polyesters, polydihydropyrans, polypeptides from alpha-amino acids, poly-beta-maleic acid (PMLA), poly-beta-alkanoic acids, polyethylene oxide (PEO), silk, collagen, derivatized hyaluronic acid and chitin polymers, and resorbable metals, resorbable ceramics, and phosphate, borate, and silicate soluble glasses containing other inorganic ions such as Fe, Ca, Sr, Zn, B, Mg, K, Mn, Ce, etc. By way of further example but not limitation, suitable non-biodegradable or non-bioabsorbable materials include polyolefins, polyamides, polyesters and polyimides, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), glass, ceramic, metal, silk, and carbon fiber.

As will hereinafter be discussed, the one or more reinforcing elements 15 are selected by the physician so as to provide the composite implant with the desired size and mechanical properties, e.g. stiffness and strength. Thus, and as will hereinafter be discussed, the physician may select from a variety of different reinforcing elements, each having a particular composition and length, and preferably deliver those reinforcing elements sequentially to the patient, whereby to provide the composite implant with the desired size and attributes of stiffness and strength.

In one preferred form of the invention, the one or more reinforcing elements 15 comprise from about 5% to 85% (by volume) of the composite implant, typically at least 20% (by volume) of the composite implant.

In another embodiment, the reinforcing properties of the one or more reinforcing elements 15 may be modified by changing the materials, dimensions, shape, and surface characteristics of the fibers, filaments, and particulates.

In another embodiment, the reinforcing properties of the one or more reinforcing elements 15 may be modified by changing the orientation, volume, twist, and angle of the fibers and filaments within the reinforcing elements. In preferred constructions, the fibers and filaments are typically set at an acute angle to intersecting fibers and filaments in order to strengthen the reinforcing structure, but the angle may be any angle between 0 degrees and 90 degrees.

In another embodiment, the properties of the composite implant may be modified by changing the orientation of one or more of the reinforcing elements 15, and/or by changing the volume of one or more of the reinforcing elements 15.

It will be appreciated that the properties of the composite implant may be modified by changing the layup or selection of one or more of the reinforcing elements 15.

It will also be appreciated that the reinforcing properties, and degradation profiles, of the one or more reinforcing elements 15 may be modified by changing the material, dimensions, shape, orientation, volume, and surface features of the fibers, filaments, and/or particulates used to form the one or more reinforcing elements 15.

Where the reinforcement elements comprise a textile, its reinforcing properties and degradation profile may be modified by changing the materials, orientation, length, shape, volume, twist, and angle of the fibers and filaments within the textile of the reinforcing elements. The fibers and filaments in a textile of a reinforcing element are preferably set at an acute angle to intersecting fibers and filaments, but the angle may vary between 0 degrees and 90 degrees or random.

It will be appreciated that the properties of the composite implant may be modified by changing the layup or selection of one or more of the reinforcing elements.

It will also be appreciated that the reinforcing properties, and the degradation profiles, of the one or more reinforcing elements may be modified by changing the material, dimensions, shape, orientation, volume, and/or surface features of the fibers, filaments, and/or particulates used to form the one or more reinforcing elements.

The shape of the reinforcement elements is generally important. For textiles, interwoven or braided materials can be formed as space fillers and skeletons for the composite implant. The shapes can be tailored for the intended use. For instance, a triangular braided rod can be used as the reinforcement backbone of a composite implant. The triangular shape (i.e., triangular cross-section) gives advantages over cylindrical shapes (i.e., cylindrical cross-section) in that the triangular shape is more applicable to a triangular intramedullary canal, additionally, each flat providing a plane of contact to spread impact force rather than a point load as occurs with a circular configuration. Additionally, the nesting of flat against flat sides of the triangular shape provides a large surface area for inter-rod binding by the resin. The triangular shape allows for numerous configurations such as horizontal inter-locking of greater than two triangular rods resulting in a flat rod-like trapezoidal composite implant shape. This shape provides manufacturing flexibility, inasmuch as a single back-bone braid could be configured into multiple final products. The triangular shape allows for very tight groupings of materials that allow for very high fiber volumes not possible with circular braids or other reinforcement materials which will always tend to have larger gaps between parallel axial reinforcement elements.

It should be noted that the use of multiple axially-oriented reinforcement elements made from textiles can be interlocked, either with a surrounding binding fiber or with interwoven fiber elements, so as to increase resistance to catastrophic breakdown. Many current non-metallic implants fail due to catastrophic shear and compressive fracturing. The use of interlocked textiles in sheets or intrawoven axial reinforcements can ensure failure occurs in a non-catastrophic yield rather than shear fracture mode as with metal implants. This is advantageous as an orthopedic repair element. Additionally, it is known that composite materials can be superior to metals in response to chronic dynamic loading, i.e., resisting fatigue.

Sizing.

The high modulus fiber may have a surface coated with a sizing agent or primer that provides additional adhesion between an acrylic resin injectable matrix material and the high modulus fiber, and can optionally act as a secondary catalyst for the polymerization of the acrylic monomers. In addition, the high modulus fiber may be surface coated with an amino functional material selected from at least one of the following materials: amino silanes, lysine, polyamines, amino acids and polyamino acids.

Compatibility among the specific components that comprise a composite structure is essential in order to ensure optimal interfacial bonding, mechanical properties, physical properties, and osseointegration. Compounds known as coupling agents or compatibilizers, which may be incorporated into the components of the composite implant, serve to enhance the chemical bonding between the specific components of the composite implant. In a preferred embodiment, the interfacial bond strength between the containment bag, reinforcing elements, injectable matrix material, and bone can be enhanced through the addition of a variety of compatibilizers, e.g., calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, calcium apatite, fused-silica, aluminum oxide, apatite-wollastonite glass, bioglass, compounds of calcium salt, phosphorus, sodium salt and silicates, maleic anhydride, diisocyanate, epoxides, silane, and cellulose esters. These agents may be incorporated into, and/or applied to, the components of the composite implant through a number of methods, e.g., plasma deposition, chemical vapor deposition, dip coating, melt-blending, spin or spray-on. A specific example is the application of a silane coupling agent to glass fiber reinforcement in order to increase its interfacial bonding strength with the injectable matrix material. Another example is the vapor deposition of calcium phosphate onto the inner surface of the containment bag such that the bonding between the injectable matrix material and the containment bag is enhanced. In order to increase the compatibility between the containment bag and bone that it is supporting, dip-coating the exterior of the containment bag with an osseoconductive material (such as fused-silica with aluminum oxide) will improve their adhesion to each other and accelerate osseointegration.

Those skilled in the art will recognize still other ways to modify the properties of the composite implant in view of the present disclosure.

It should also be appreciated that reinforcing elements 15 may be formed out of one or more of the materials used to form containment bag 10 and/or one or more of the materials used to form injectable matrix material 20, appropriately processed so as to provide the functional requirements of reinforcing elements 15.

Injectable Matrix Material

The injectable matrix material 20 is preferably polymeric and is preferably biodegradable. The injectable matrix material 20 is designed to be polymerized in situ but may be pre-formed prior to the application. The matrix material is preferably a multi-component polymer system that is mixed immediately prior to introduction into the patient. Optionally, the injectable matrix material 20 may contain a biocompatible solvent, with the solvent reducing viscosity so as to allow the matrix material to be injected, and with the solvent thereafter rapidly diffusing from the composite implant so as to facilitate or provide stiffening of the composite implant 5. The solvent may also be used to alter the porosity of the injectable matrix material 20.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, polyurethanes are utilized as the injectable matrix material, although other suitable chemistry systems will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The polyurethanes are produced through the reaction of a difunctional or multifunctional isocyanate with a difunctional or multifunctional compound containing an active hydrogen, including water, hydroxyl materials and amines. The urethane polymer matrix may comprise at least two individual components that are mixed together to initiate the curing reaction, wherein a first component contains isocyanate functionalities and a second component contains active hydrogen functionalities capable of reacting with the isocyanate functionalities so as to form at least one from the group consisting of urethane, urea, biuret and allophonate groups during the crosslinking reaction.

The first component may be selected from the group consisting of a diisocyanate molecule, a triisocyanate molecule, a polyisocyanate molecule having at least two isocyanate groups per molecule, an isocyanate capped polyol having at least two free isocyanate groups per molecule, an isocyanate capped polyether polyol having at least two free isocyanate groups per molecule and an isocyanate capped polyester polyol having at least two free isocyanate groups per molecule. Suitable isocyanates useful in the practice of this invention include, but are not limited to, aromatic diisocyanates such as 1,2 and 1,4 toluene diisocyanate and blends, 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, 2,6-toluene diisocyanate, 2,2′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 2,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, diphenyldimethylmethane diisocyanate, dibenzyl diisocyanate, naphthylene diisocyanate, phenylene diisocyanate, xylylene diisocyanate, methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and polymeric MDI having an isocyanate functionality from about 2.2 to about 2.8 isocyanate groups per molecule, 4,4′-oxybis(phenylisocyanate) or tetramethylxylylene diisocyanate; aliphatic diisocyanates such as tetramethylene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, dimethyl diisocyanate, lysine diisocyanate, methyl lysine diisocyanate, lysine triisocyanate, 2-methylpentane-1,5-diisocyanate, 3-methylpentane-1,5-diisocyanate or 2,2,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate; and alicyclic diisocyanates such as isophorone diisocyanate, cyclohexane diisocyanate, hydrogenated xylylene diisocyanate, hydrogenated diphenylmethane diisocyanate, hydrogenated trimethylxylylene diisocyanate, 2,4,6-trimethyl 1,3-phenylene diisocyanate.

Or the first component may be a polyol isocyanate having a weight average molecular weight from about 200 to about 10,000.

Or the first component may be a blend of diisocyanate or triisocyanate molecules with a polyol capped isocyanate having two, three or four isocyanate groups per molecule in a ratio of about 1:99 percent by weight to about 99:1 percent by weight of the total isocyanate component and has a viscosity at 25 degrees C. from about 250 cps to about 5,000 cps.

The present invention comprises the use of these same multi-functional isocyanates with multifunctional amines or multifunctional substituted amines, multifunctional ketimines, multifunctional aldimines, isocyanurates or biurets. By way of example but not limitation, such multifunctional amines may include hexamethylene diamine, isophorone diamine, and lysine. Also trifunctional isocyanates such as lysine triisocyanates. Examples of substituted amines may include N-substituted diaspartic acid derivatives. Examples of multifunctional ketimines and aldimines may be made from the multifunctional amines mentioned previously and methyl isobutyl ketone or isobutyraldehyde.

The second component may be produced by the reaction product of a diamine, triamine or tetramine component with an activated vinyl component selected from the group consisting of dialkyl maleate, dialkyl fumarate, an acrylic acid ester and vinyl ester, wherein the reaction ratio is from about one equivalent of amine functionality to about one equivalent of vinyl functionality to about four equivalents of amine functionality to about one equivalent of vinyl functionality.

Or the second component may be a blend of a polyol component and an aspartate molecule having from about 1% to about 99% polyol component and from about 99% to about 1% aspartate, wherein at least one of the polyol component and the aspartate molecule has a functionality towards isocyanate of at least 2.1 active hydrogen groups per diisocyanate molecule and a viscosity from about 250 cps to about 5000 cps at 25 degrees C.

Or the second component may be selected from the group consisting of a polyol having at least two hydroxyl groups and up to four hydroxyl groups per molecule where the hydroxyl groups are primary or secondary hydroxyls, a polyether polyol having at least two hydroxyl groups and up to four hydroxyl groups per molecule, a polyester polyol having at least two hydroxyl groups and up to four hydroxyl groups per molecule where the polyester is formed by the reaction of a diol or trio with a diacid, a polyester polyol having at least two hydroxyl groups and up to four hydroxyl groups per molecule where the polyester is formed by the reaction of hydroxyacid which is then endcapped with a diol or triol, an aspartate molecule, an amine molecule having from at least two amine groups to four amine groups per molecule where the amine groups are a primary or secondary amines, alkoxylated amines having at least two terminal amine groups per molecule, and a compound containing at least two of the following: aliphatic primary hydroxyl, aliphatic secondary hydroxyl, primary amine, secondary amine and carboxylic acid groups within the one molecule.

Or the polyester polyol is selected from a reaction mixture primarily of adipic acid with diethylene glycol, ethylene glycol or butane diol.

Or the second component can comprise a biodegradable crosslinker with hydroxyl functionality such as 3-hydroxy-N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)butanamide, or a blend of polyols along with the biodegradable crosslinker.

When a non-biodegradable implant is desired, the aromatic isocyanates are generally favored. When a biodegradable implant is desired, the aliphatic isocyanates are generally favored. In an embodiment of this invention, the aliphatic isocyanates are preferred.

In a preferred embodiment of this invention, the isocyanate component is reacted with a polyol to produce a polyurethane. Suitable polyols include, but not limited to, polycaprolactone diol and polycaprolactone triol. Suitable dihydroxy compounds which may be utilized in the practice of this invention include, but are not limited to, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, hexylene glycol and polyols including polyalkylene oxides, polyvinyl alcohols, and the like. In some embodiments, the polyol compounds can be a polyalkylene oxide such as polyethylene oxide (“PEO”), polypropylene oxide (“PPO”), block or random copolymers of polyethylene oxide (PEO) and polypropylene oxide (PPO). Higher functional polyol compounds are also useful and can include glycerin, 1,2,4-butanetriol, trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol and dipentaerythritol, 1,1,4,4-tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane. Also polyols such as sugars or starch. Other useful polyols can include triethanol amine and N,N,N′,N′-Tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine.

The polyol materials discussed above may be used alone or, optionally, as mixtures thereof. The foregoing materials are merely examples of useful components for producing polyurethanes and should not be viewed as a limitation of the present invention. These higher functional polyol materials will produce highly crosslinked polyurethanes with high hardness and stiffness.

In preferred embodiments, the multifunctional hydroxyl material may include at least one bioabsorbable group to alter the degradation profile of the resulting branched, functionalized compound. Bioabsorbable groups which may be combined with the multifunctional compound include, but are not limited to, groups derived from glycolide, glycolic acid, lactide, lactic acid, caprolactone, dioxanone, trimethylene carbonate, 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3HP), 4-hydroxybutyrate (4HB), 5-hydroxyvalerate (5HV), 3-hydroxyhexanoate (3HH), 6-hydroxyhexanoate (6HH), 3-hydroxyoctanoate (3HO), and combinations thereof. For example, in one embodiment, the multifunctional compound may include trimethylol propane in combination with dioxanone and glycolide. Methods for adding bioabsorbable groups to a multifunctional compound are known in the art. Where the multifunctional compound is modified to include bioabsorbable groups, the bioabsorbable groups may be present in an amount ranging from about 50 percent to about 95 percent of the combined weight of the multifunctional compound and bioabsorbable groups, typically from about 7 percent to about 90 percent of the combined weight of the multifunctional compound and bioabsorbable groups.

The multifunctional compound can have a weight (average molecular weight) ranging from about 50 to about 50000, typically from about 100 to about 3000, and typically possesses a functionality ranging from about 2 to about 6.

In a preferred embodiment, the polycaprolactone diols and triols provide polyurethanes that are biodegradable.

The isocyanate is reacted with a polyol to produce a prepolymer. Methods for endcapping the polyol with an isocyanate are known to those skilled in the art. For example, a polycaprolactone diol may be combined with isophorone diisocyanate by heating to a suitable temperature ranging from about 55 degrees C. to about 80 degrees C., typically about 70 degrees C. The resulting diisocyanate-functional compound may then be stored until combined with additional polyol to form the final polyurethane product.

Reaction of the urethane prepolymer with polyol to form the final polyurethane product generally requires a catalyst to provide convenient working and cure times. Polyurethane catalysts can be classified into two broad categories, amine compounds and organometallic complexes. They can be further classified as to their specificity, balance, and relative power or efficiency. Traditional amine catalysts have been tertiary amines such as triethylenediamine (TEDA, also known as 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane or DABCO, an Air Products's trademark), dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA), and dimethylethanolamine (DMEA). Tertiary amine catalysts are selected based on whether they drive the urethane (polyol+isocyanate, or gel) reaction, the urea (water+isocyanate, or blow) reaction, or the isocyanate trimerization reaction (e.g., using potassium acetate, to form isocyanurate ring structure). Since most tertiary amine catalysts will drive all three reactions to some extent, they are also selected based on how much they favor one reaction over another.

Another useful class of polyurethane catalysts are the organometallic compounds based on mercury, lead, tin (dibutyl tin dilaurate), bismuth (bismuth octanoate), titanium complexes, zirconium complexes, zinc complexes (imidazole complexed zinc). Dibutyl tin dilaurate is a widely used catalyst in many polyurethane formulations. Stannous octoate is another catalyst that may be used.

Another useful catalyst is 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU).

In the practice of this invention dibutyl tin dilaurate is a favored catalyst at concentrations below 0.5% and more preferably at concentrations below 0.2% by weight.

The urethane polymer matrix may be crosslinked.

The crosslinked urethane polymer matrix may be configured to start degrading in the body within about 1 month to about 36 months after implantation in the body.

The crosslinked urethane polymer matrix may be configured to lose at least 50% of its original mechanical strength after 6 months in the body.

The crosslinked urethane polymer matrix may be configured to lose at least 80% of its original mechanical strength after 12 months in the body.

In a preferred embodiment of this invention, the composite implant is created via the injection of a matrix material, preferably polymeric, through and around the reinforcing elements that may be a series of braided fibers, axial rods, bundled rods, bundled braided rods or other such configurations that conform to previous descriptions. The maximum compressive and flexural modulus of the composite implant is that of the theoretical compressive and flexural modulus of a composite implant formed completely out of reinforcing elements, the minimum compressive and flexural modulus of the composite implant is that of the theoretical compressive and flexural modulus of a composite implant formed completely out of injectable matrix material. The final compressive and flexural modulus of the composite material is directly related to the percent composition of fiber volume and will lie between the two values. Additionally, in one embodiment, the reinforcing elements may be braided into geometric formations which further increase or decrease the mechanical properties of the composite implant. As an example, a composite implant with all axial reinforcement elements will have highest resistance to tension and compression, while a composite implant with braided reinforcement elements with no axial reinforcement, but biased reinforcement at approximately 45° to the axis of the composite implant, would be strong in flexural modulus but not as strong in compression. As another example, woven sheets of materials used as reinforcement elements may be designed with differing weave configurations to achieve similar ends.

It should also be appreciated that injectable matrix material 20 may be formed out of one or more of the materials used to form containment bag 10 and/or one or more of the materials used to form reinforcing elements 15, appropriately processed so as to provide the functional requirements of injectable matrix material 20.

Additions to Injectable Matrix Material

If desired, the injectable matrix material 20 may also comprise a bioactive or insoluble filler material, a therapeutic agent, and/or an agent to enhance visibility while imaging the composite implant.

Fillers.

The injectable matrix material may include a filler in the form of biocompatible, insoluble and/or osteoconductive particles or short fibers. The first or primary filler, preferably in the form of particles, may also provide porosity, bone ingrowth surfaces and enhanced permeability or pore connectivity or resistivity to water permeation. One suitable particulate filler material is tricalcium phosphate, although other suitable filler materials will be apparent to those skilled in the art such as orthophosphates, monocalcium phosphates, dicalcium phosphates, tricalcium phosphates, tetracalcium phosphates, amorphous calcium phosphates and combinations thereof. Also biodegradable/bioresorbable glasses can be utilized as a filler.

The filler particles may comprise a degradable polymer such as polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, polycaprolactone, hydroxybutyrate, hydroxypropionic acid, hydroxyhexanoate, and co-polymers thereof. The particles may also comprise degradable polymer containing one or more inorganic fillers. In one embodiment the inorganic filler particles have mean diameters ranging from about 1 micron to about 20 microns and lengths of 1 micron to 500 microns

In another embodiment the porosity and compressive properties of the matrix material may be modified by using additional fillers that may be inorganic, organic or another suitable biocompatible material. Such refinements include the addition of particles having mean diameters ranging from about 10 microns to about 500 microns or a mean diameter of less than 1 micron. In certain matrix materials the additional filler materials may be provided in one or more size distributions.

The composite implant can become porous after implantation so as to aid the resorption and bone healing process. This porosity can be generated by various mechanisms including the preferential resorption of filler, such as calcium sulfate or α-tricalcium phosphate, bioglass or of a polymeric component. Alternatively, the formulation can include a biocompatible solvent such as DMSO that is leached out of the implant post implantation. The pores are preferably 100 μm in diameter with interconnectivity to allow bone ingrowth.

The composite implant may also include an additional porogen. In one form of the invention, the porogen is sugar or a polysaccharide, such as dextran, but other biocompatible porogens will be apparent to those skilled in the art such as crystalline materials in the form of soluble salts.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the filler, either inorganic or polymeric, may be present in combined amount ranging from about 10 to about 50 wt % of the matrix composition. In certain cases it may be desirable to have the filler content over 50 wt %. If a porogen is added, it will preferably be present in an amount ranging from about 15 to about 50 wt %.

Therapeutics Agents.

The inclusion of a therapeutic agent in the injectable matrix material, or in one or more of the reinforcing elements, is contemplated in the practice of this invention. Therapeutic agents can include agents that promote bone formation, or for relief of pain. Agents may include, but are not limited to, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, calcitonin, calcium, PO4, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as, but not limited to, acetaminophen, salicylates (aspirin, diflunisal, salsalate), acetic acid derivatives (indomethacin, ketorolac, sulindac etodolac, diclofenac, nabumetone), propionic acid derivatives (ibuprofen, naproxen, flurbiprofen, ketoprofen, oxaprozin, fenoprofen, loxoprofen), fenamic acid derivatives (meclofenamic acid, mefenamic acid, flufenamic acid, tolfenamic acid), oxicam (enolic acid) derivatives (piroxicam, meloxicam, tenoxicam, droxicam, lornoxicam, isoxicam), arylalkanoic acid derivatives (tolmetin); selective COX-2 inhibitors (celecoxib, rofecoxib, valdecoxib, parecoxib, lumiracoxib, etoricoxib, firocoxib); steroids such as, but not limited to, corticosteroids (hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone acetate, cortisone acetate, tixocortol pivalate, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, prednisone, triamcinolone acetonide, triamcinolone alcohol, mometasone, amcinonide, budesonide, desonide, fluocinonide, fluocinolone acetonide, halcinonide, betamethasone, dexamethasone, fluocortolone, hydrocortisone-17-valerate, aclometasone dipropionate, betamethasone valerate, betamethasone dipropionate, prednicarbate, clobetasone-17-butyrate, clobetasol-17-propionate, fluocortolone caproate, fluocortolone pivalate, or fluprednidene acetate); immune selective anti-inflammatory derivatives (ImSAIDs) such as, but not limited to, submandibular gland peptide T (SGp-T) and derivatives phenylalanine-glutamine-glycine (FEG) and its D-isomeric form (feG); narcotic compositions such as, but not limited to, buprenorphine, butorphanol, codeine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, levorphail, meperidine, methadone, morphine, nalbuphine, oxycodone, oxymorphone, pentaxocine, or propoxyphene; other analgesic compositions such as, but not limited to, tramadol, or capsaicin; local anethetics (including short term acting anesthetics) such as, but not limited to, benzocaine, dibucaine, lidocaine, or prilocaine; bisphosphonates, or combinations of any of the above.

Therapeutic agents delivered locally can use a carrier vehicle to provide a protective environment, provide target delivery to cells or within cells, provide locally delivery, timed delivery, staged delivery and/or use delivery technology know in the art.

The therapeutic agents can also include bone growth activating factors, such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), FGF (fibroblast growth factor), VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), PDGF (platelet derived growth factor), or PGE2 (prostaglandin E2). Bone morphogenetic proteins can include BMP1, BMP2, BMP3, BMP4, BMP5, BMP6, BMP7, BMP8a, BMP8b, BMP10, or BMP15.

The therapeutic agents can also include inorganic material processed by the body as a vitamin such as Fe, Ca, P, Zn, B, Mg, K, Mn, Ce, Sr. These elements are built into a predictably solubilizing component of the composite tuned for a consistent release.

Agent to Enhance Visibility.

It is also possible for the injectable matrix material to include one or more particles or liquid agents to enhance visibility while imaging the composite implant. By way of example but not limitation, where the physician may be using fluoroscopy to view the bone being treated and the composite implant, the injectable matrix material may include bismuth oxychloride, bismuth subcarbonate, barium, barium sulfate, ethiodol, tantalum, titanium dioxide, tantalunipentoxide, tungsten, strontium carbonate, strontium halides platinum, titanium, silver, gold, palladium, iridium, osmium, copper, niobium, molybdenum, strontium, strontium salts and gallium, iodine substituted compounds/polymers, and/or alloys such as nickel-titanium, nickel-manganese-gallium, platinum-iridium, platinum-osmium to enhance the visibility of the injectable matrix material under fluoroscopy.

Features of the Composite Implant

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the composite implant is created via the introduction of the injectable matrix material, preferably polymeric, through and around the reinforcing elements, which may comprise a plurality of braided fibers, axial rods, bundled rods, bundled braided rods or other such configurations.

The maximum compressive and flexural modulus of the composite implant is that of the theoretical compressive and flexural modulus of a composite implant formed completely out of reinforcing elements, and the minimum compressive and flexural modulus of the composite implant is that of the theoretical compressive and flexural modulus of a composite implant formed completely out of injectable matrix material.

The final compressive and flexural modulus of the composite implant is directly related to the percent composition of fiber volume in the composite implant, i.e., a composite implant comprising a 70% fiber volume will more closely mimic the properties of the reinforcing elements than the properties of the injectable matrix material. More particularly, FIG. 28 shows a manner by which implant strength can be varied based on the ratio of constituent reinforcing elements (and the underlying “fiber” that makes up the constituent reinforcing elements). Once the required strength of the composite implant is known, a composite implant can be customized that uses an amount of distributed “fiber” reinforcing elements within the injectable matrix material. The ratio of fiber volume to matrix volume determines the ultimate strength of the composite implant, with the strength somewhere between the strength of the injectable matrix material and that of the reinforcing element(s). Additionally, the form of the fibers as they are constructed within the reinforcing elements determines where and how that strength is achieved. Fibers arranged in columnar axial supports (see FIG. 29) shift implant strength to compression and tension. Angular cross fibers (from a weave or braid) shift strength to bending and resistance to torsion. A mix of both results in a more balanced implant construct.

As an example, reinforcing elements of E-glass (45 GPa) braid was used to reinforce PLA matrix (2 GPa) in a composite implant. The mix was approximately 55% fiber volume, therefore a composite implant was created with a modulus of 20-22 GPa.

By way of further example but not limitation, in orthopedics, for a non-resorbable composite implant, a stiff composite product is chosen in the 20-80 GPa modulus range, which is appropriate in some applications using a material described hereafter in the non-resorbable reinforcement elements. If the composite implant is to be fully bio-resorbable, then the composite implant may have a 7-45 GPa modulus range as is appropriate to splint most long bone fractures. Other polymers that may or may not be biodegradable, such as biodegradable poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), can be used to create softer materials with engineered directional strengths based on the configuration of the reinforcing elements. The directions of reinforcement element fibers can create materials configured with lower moduli in the 500 MPa to 1 GPa range for craniofacial fractures and other small bone repairs as needed. In addition, it is recognized that a combination of fibers with different moduli and other properties can be used to further vary the ultimate strength of the composite implant. For instance, a glass fiber material could be combined with a polypropylene or PLLA material to produce appropriate moduli with the capability to be cut during manufacturing and resealed via heat treatment or the friction of the cutting blade. Additionally, a mix of bioresorbable fibers with non-bioresorbable fibers within a braided or woven reinforcement matrix would create an eventual pathway, after the material bioresorbs, for blood flow or other fluid transit.

Additionally, in one embodiment of the invention, the reinforcing elements may be braided into geometric formations which further increase or decrease the mechanical properties of the composite implant. By way of example but not limitation, a composite implant with “all axial” reinforcement elements will have the highest resistance to tension and compression, while a composite implant with braided reinforcement elements having “no axial” reinforcement elements, but including reinforcement elements set at approximately 45° to the axis of the composite implant, would be strong in flexural modulus but not as strong in compression. By way of further example but not limitation, woven sheets of materials used as reinforcement elements may be designed with differing weave configurations to achieve similar results.

Preferred Method of Use

The composite implant 5 is disposed within the intramedullary canal of a bone, or within another opening in the bone, so as to function as an internal “splint”, whereby to carry the stress created during patient activity. This allows a bone fracture to heal, or provides fortification and/or augmentation of bone, with minimum inconvenience to the patient. The components of the composite implant 5 are introduced sequentially into the patient, and assembled in-situ, thereby allowing the composite implant 5 to be installed using a minimally invasive approach.

In another method of use, the composite implant is pre-assembed by a manufacturer and provided to the surgeon in a sterile manner for implantation. The fracture site would be directly accessed and the composite implant placed in the intramedullary canal, with or without a containment bag. Additional injectable matrix material could be used to form-fit the composite implant to the intramedullary canal to provide significant advantage, or the composite implant can be fixed using mechanical means such as implant screw threads, press-fit in the canal, or another form of bone cement.

By way of example but not limitation, the composite implant 5 may be used in the following manner to treat a fracture in the tibia.

Looking now at FIG. 9, the first step is to create an access hole 50 into the bone that is to be treated. If desired, an access port 52 may be disposed in access hole 50 so as to facilitate delivering elements through access hole 50. When treating fractures in long bones, the hole is made into the intramedullary canal distal to, or proximal to, the fracture site. Significantly, the modular nature of the composite implant means that the composite implant can be introduced into the intramedullary canal of the bone that is to be treated through an access hole that is smaller than the final form of the composite implant. For example, in the case of where the composite implant is to fill an intramedullary canal that is 10 mm in diameter, the required access hole may be only 3 mm in diameter. As a result, the composite implant may be deployed using a minimally invasive procedure that may be carried out in an office setting or surgicenter setting rather than in a conventional operating room. Access hole 50 is preferably drilled at an acute angle to the bone which is being treated, e.g., at an angle of approximately 45 degrees, but it may be drilled at an angle anywhere between 0 degrees and 90 degrees, either proximal or distal to the fracture. This allows the components of the composite implant to be more easily introduced into the intramedullary canal.

The second step is to remove or harvest the bone marrow (and/or other matter) in the intramedullary canal, and to clean the intramedullary canal, so as to provide a space for the composite implant 5. This is done through the access hole 50 previously created. In one preferred form of the invention, and looking now at FIG. 10, the device for removing or harvesting of the bone marrow from the intramedullary canal comprises a catheter 55 with provision for introducing a liquid or gas into the intramedullary canal and suction for removal of material from the intramedullary canal. The liquid or gas can be used to disrupt the content in the intramedullary canal or prepare the intramedullary canal for a composite implant. The liquid or gas can be introduced in a continuous, pulsed, or intermittent flow. A rotatable flexible rod 60, with a shaped end or attachment at the distal end (e.g., having one or more wire loops, brushes, cutting tips, etc., which may or may not be made out of a shape memory material such as Nitinol, and which may or may not be steerable), is optionally used to disrupt the bone marrow in the intramedullary canal so as to aid in the removal of the bone marrow. When harvest of the bone marrow is required, a tissue trap is utilized. FIG. 11 shows the intramedullary canal of the bone after it has been appropriately prepared.

Looking next at FIG. 12, the third step, if needed, is to place a flow restrictor plug 65 in the intramedullary canal distal to, and/or proximal to, where the composite implant 5 will be placed in the intramedullary canal. Again, this is done through the access hole 50 previously created. Where two flow restrictor plugs 65 are used, the two flow restrictor plugs may be connected to one another. The flow restrictor plugs 65 may be optionally placed prior to removing or harvesting the bone marrow.

The fourth step, if needed, is to return the bone to proper alignment.

The fifth step is to introduce the containment bag 10 into the intramedullary canal via the access hole 50 previously created. In one preferred form of the invention, and looking now at FIG. 13, the containment bag 10 is introduced into the intramedullary canal through a delivery catheter 70, and is releasably attached to a catheter that is used for subsequent delivery of the remaining components of the composite implant, i.e., the one or more reinforcement elements 15 and the injectable matrix material 20. The catheter may have markers on its exterior surface so as to allow the physician to determine the position of the containment bag 10 within the bone by direct visualization of the markers on the exterior surface of the catheter. Alternatively, and/or additionally, containment bag 10 may have markers thereon so as to allow the physician to determine the position of the containment bag 10 within the bone by indirect visualization (e.g., fluoroscopy, CT, etc.). Note that the flexible (and compressible) nature of the containment bag 10 facilitates its delivery into the intramedullary canal via a minimally invasive approach (i.e., via the access hole 50 previously created). The containment bag 10 may comprise an auxiliary channel to allow monitoring and control of subsequent pressurization with the injectable matrix material. This auxiliary channel may be parallel to the delivery catheter, or inside the delivery catheter, or the auxiliary channel may be at the distal end of the containment bag. Alternatively, there may be a valve at the distal end of the containment bag, or at other strategic regions of the containment bag, that can limit pressure within the containment bag. FIG. 14 shows containment bag 10 disposed within the intramedullary canal of the bone.

The sixth step is to sequentially introduce the one or more reinforcing elements 15 into the containment bag 10. This is done through the access hole 50 previously created. Note that the flexible nature of the reinforcing elements 15 facilitates their delivery into the containment bag 10 via the access hole 50 previously created. The one or more reinforcing structures 15 are preferably introduced into the containment bag sequentially so as to build up a reinforcing mass. In one preferred form of the invention, and looking now at FIGS. 15 and 16, a plurality of flexible reinforcing sheets 22 (in the form of concentric reinforcing tubes) are sequentially inserted into the containment bag 10, with one flexible reinforcing concentric tube 22 being nested inside another, and a plurality of flexible reinforcing rods 35 are sequentially inserted within the innermost flexible concentric reinforcing tube 22 (FIGS. 17-19). In one preferred form of the invention, the flexible reinforcing sheets 22 (which are preferably in the form of concentric tubes such as is shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 or rolled sheets such as is shown in FIGS. 5 and 6) are delivered to the interior of the containment bag by pushing them out of a delivery tube or, alternatively, by carrying them into the containment bag while held within a delivery tube and then retracting the delivery tube, whereby to expose the flexible reinforcing sheets and allow them to expand. Preferably the size and number of flexible concentric reinforcing tubes 22 and reinforcing rods 35 are selected so as to meet the individual needs of a particular patient. The number of flexible concentric reinforcing tubes 22 utilized in the composite implant, and/or their lengths and/or cross-sectional dimensions, and/or the number of reinforcing rods 35 used, and/or their lengths and/or cross-sectional dimensions, may be selected according to the individual needs of a particular patient. Preferably the number, length, and cross-sectional dimensions of the reinforcing tubes, and the number, length, and cross-sectional dimensions of the reinforcing rods, are selected so as to provide a composite implant having variable stiffness along its length, e.g., a composite implant having a stiffer central region (e.g., 20 GPa) and less stiff distal and proximal ends (e.g., 3 GPa), whereby to prevent stress risers from being created at the ends of the composite implant. To this end, the reinforcing tubes, and the reinforcing rods, are preferably provided in a variety of sizes for appropriate selection by the physician; alternatively, the reinforcing tubes and/or reinforcing rods may be sized at the time of use by the physician. If desired, a guidewire 75 may be provided to facilitate introduction of the one or more reinforcing elements into the containment bag. This guidewire 75 is preferably attached to the distal end of the containment bag 10 using an adhesive or other non-permanent attachment means. After the one or more reinforcement elements 15 have been placed in the containment bag, the guidewire 75 can be detached from the containment bag 10 by pulling or twisting the guidewire. Alternatively, the guidewire 75 may be absorbable, in which case it may be left in the patient at the conclusion of the procedure.

The seventh step is to introduce the injectable matrix material 20 into the containment bag. Again this is done through the access hole 50 previously created. In a preferred form of the invention the injectable matrix material is formed from two or more components that are mixed immediately prior to injection into the patient. This may occur through use of a static mixer fed by multiple syringes. Alternatively the components may be mixed in a remote container and then loaded into a syringe that is connected to the injection tube. In one preferred form of the invention, and looking now at FIGS. 20 and 21, an injection tube 80 is used to deliver the injectable matrix material 20 into the containment bag 10 under pressure, where it flows over and through the one or more reinforcement structures 15 contained within the containment bag 10. In one embodiment, the injection tube is first positioned in the distalmost section of the containment bag, then withdrawn during the injection process for a retro-grade fill. The injection tube 80 is withdrawn after the matrix material is injected into the containment bag. The injection tube is, preferably, also capable of transmitting an energy wave into the injectable matrix material in cases where pulsatile flow or the application of vibrational forces is required to aid injecting the matrix material into the containment bag. Vacuum may be used to facilitate wetting out of the reinforcement structures by removal of trapped air from the composite through a secondary access pathway within the balloon catheter.

The eighth step is for the injectable matrix material to solidify so that the matrix material 20, the one or more reinforcing elements 15 and the containment bag 10 become a single solidified structure 5 (FIGS. 22 and 23) capable of providing support across the fracture line while the bone fracture heals. If desired, an expandable device (e.g., a balloon) may be used to provide a radial force to aid in the creation of a single integrated structure. Alternately, the expandable device may be a biodegradable form or feature of the injection catheter. More particularly, the expandable device (e.g., balloon) may be used to enhance the penetration of the injectable matrix material into and between one or more reinforcing elements, the containment bag and the bone, and to enhance the interfacial bond between the injectable matrix material and the one or more reinforcing elements, between the injectable matrix material and the containment bag, and between the injectable matrix material and the bone. In the preferred embodiments of the invention this solidification occurs through a chemical reaction that proceeds at a rate that allows sufficient time for injection before the viscosity increases to a point where injection and flow into and around the reinforcements is no longer possible. Generally this time is less than five to ten minutes. Most of the solidification (15-75% of full hardness) occurs within ten to sixty minutes, although with most chemistries there will be a continuation in strength build-up over a period of up to five days. In the preferred chemistries the exothermic nature of the reaction is limited to minimize temperature increase in the matrix material to less than 10 degrees C. whereby the temperature at the bone interface is limited to <40° C.

Note how, in FIGS. 22 and 23, the composite implant can contour as needed to the geometry of the intramedullary canal of the bone, i.e., in FIG. 22 the composite implant has a substantially linear shape to match the substantially linear shape of the intramedullary canal of the tibia, whereas in FIG. 23 the composite implant has a contoured shape to match the contour of the clavicle.

The ninth step is to close the wound.

Thus it will be seen that the present invention comprises the provision and use of a novel composite implant for treating bone fractures (and/or for fortifying and augmenting a bone). The composite implant is disposed within the intramedullary canal of the bone (or within another opening in the bone) so as to function as a “splint”, whereby to carry the stress created during patient activity. This approach allows the bone fracture to heal (or provides fortification and/or augmentation of a bone) with minimum inconvenience to the patient. The composite implant comprises a plurality of components that are introduced sequentially into the patient, and assembled in situ, thereby allowing the composite implant to be installed using a minimally invasive approach. Significantly, the properties of the composite implant can be custom tailored for different treatment situations, e.g., the composite implant can have different lengths and/or cross-sectional dimensions, the composite implant can have different compressive and/or tensile strengths, etc., all according to the individual needs of a particular patient.

Additional Constructions

It should be appreciated that, if desired, containment bag 10 may be omitted. In this case, the one or more reinforcing elements 15 and injectable matrix material 20 are deployed directly into the intramedullary canal (or other opening) in the bone that is being treated, without an intervening containment bag 10.

Furthermore, it should be appreciated that, if desired, composite implant 5 may be formed out of flexible reinforcing sheets 22 without any flexible reinforcing rods 35 (FIG. 24); with flexible reinforcing rods 35 and without any flexible reinforcing sheets 22 (FIG. 25); and with a laminated construction comprising both flexible reinforcing sheets 22 and flexible reinforcing rods 35 (FIG. 26).

In addition, FIG. 27 shows how guidewire 75 may be used to reduce a fracture prior to delivery of the composite implant. More particularly, in this form of the invention, guidewire 75 has an enlargement 85 formed at one end, with enlargement 85 being disposed exterior to the bone being treated, and with the opposite end 90 of guidewire 75 emerging from port 52. As a result of this configuration, by applying tension to end 90 of guidewire 75, the fracture can be reduced and the tensioned guidewire 75 can help support the bone. In one preferred form of the invention, a fixture 95 may be positioned within the intramedullary canal of the bone, adjacent to enlargement 85, so as to direct guidewire 75 along the longitudinal channel of the bone and thereby facilitate fracture reduction and delivery of the composite.

It should also be appreciated that the modularity of the present invention and its method of use may be distributed throughout the manufacturing and/or treatment sequence, and are modifiable per anatomic use and surgical routine. As such, a pre-cured composite implant may be used in situations where in situ curing is not desirable, or where in situ curing would unnecessarily complicate the operative procedure, or where a minimally invasive approach is irrelevant due to recent trauma to the anatomy, including soft tissue.

As an example, for small bone procedures such as the treatment for a hammertoe condition, an open surgical procedure is currently the preferred technique, and a minimally invasive approach into small bones is not highly advantageous. Metal support rods are commonly used to support the revision. Polymer intramedullar support rods are typically not strong enough to survive insertion intact. A pre-cured, small diameter composite implant pin, formed with the components described herein, will have the required strength for intact insertion and maintain enough support strength through the healing process. Additionally, a preferred embodiment is bioresorbable.

In addition, a composite implant pin, formed in accordance with the present invention, may be implanted into the supporting halves of the bone and fixed in place using injectable matrix material as a gap-filling adhesive (bulk filler), with the specific design of the composite implant pin preferably meeting the material properties of the surrounding bone, i.e., the modulus, porosity, etc. of the surrounding bone. The use of an injectable matrix material as a gap-filling adhesive (bulk filler), with matched modulus to the bone, will eliminate stress risers and allow natural healing-inducing strains to be applied to the bone.

In a similar manner, a pre-cured composite implant formed in accordance with the present invention may be used to pin fractured segments of bone together, e.g., such as may be required with tibial fractures. More particularly, the fractured segments are re-aligned, and at least one continuous bone tunnel (e.g., the intramedullary canal) is established between fractured segments to accept insertion of the pre-cured composite implant, with or without injectable matrix material being used as bone glue. The modularity of the invention and method is maintained when used in a non-minimally invasive manner. When open surgery is required or desired, such as with traumatic injuries or patient-specific circumstances (e.g., osteoporosis, osteogenesis imperfecta), the containment bag and reinforcing elements can be assembled outside of the body and introduced into the continuous bone tunnel (e.g., the intramedullary canal) before or after injection of the injectable matrix material, then the bones are re-approximated prior to the set-up (i.e., hardening) of the injectable matrix material. This method could include the situation where a large composite implant, constituting a sub-segment (or a series of small composite implants constituting a series of sub-segments) was pre-cured and supplied by the manufacturer as with the small bone indication above and fit to the continuous bone tunnel (e.g., the intramedullary canal) with or without a containment bag, using a gap-filling injectable matrix material (preferably having bone-like material properties) to secure the composite implant in place.

Mechanical shapes and fasteners can be formed around a core composite implant so as to form screw threads on the composite implant. The mechanical shapes and fasteners formed on the core composite implant are preferably composed of injectable matrix material having material properties similar to bone. Formation of mechanical shapes and fasteners having material properties similar to bone will reduce post-implantation thread wear and allow for natural healing due to similar strains between the native bone and composite implant. Other forms of mechanical shapes and fasteners can include bent pins, clips with semi-elastic properties, bone anchors (e.g., toggling bone anchors which catch on internal bone structure, etc.), and/or other mechanical fasteners required for anatomical (e.g., soft tissue) repairs.

It will be recognized that various methods of manufacturing may provide further benefits to the composite implant. A pultrusion technique wherein a resin is applied over a rolled reinforcement element sheet or a braided or woven core of reinforcement element would give the ability to create long pins that may or may not be bioresorbable with a much higher modulus than that of current molded pure or blended polymer fixation elements.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the geometry of the reinforcing elements are non-circular space-filling designs. A specific and preferred shape is a reinforcing element in the form of a rod having a triangular cross-section. Multiple reinforcement elements having this shape may be combined to form a single, larger pre-formed rod in order to increase the fiber density inside a composite implant built up from many stacked rods having a triangular cross-section. Rods having a triangular cross-section are advantageous in that any impact force applied on a single rod component will be spread across a plane of contact, instead of the impact force being concentrated on a point contact such as the case with a rod having a circular cross-section. Furthermore, the modularity of a “triangular rod” allows for stacked configurations of squares, trapezoids and other useful configurations to be produced, all with very high fiber contents. Pre-formed composite implants can be created in a flat-rod configuration, using multiple aligned (and appropriately configured) triangular components.

Composite Implant Utilizing a Thermoplastic Polymer Injectable Matrix Material

In one form of the invention, the composite implant comprises a thermoplastic polymer implant comprising a thermoplastic polymer matrix and a high modulus fiber component having a tensile modulus from about 8 GPa to about 400 GPa.

The fiber content of the thermoplastic polymer implant may be from about 5 volume percent to about 75 volume percent.

Or the fiber content of the thermoplastic polymer implant may be from about 25 volume percent to about 50 volume percent.

The fiber component may be selected from the group consisting of E glass, bio glass, soluble glass, resorbable glass, carbon fiber, polyaramid fiber, PET fiber, polylactic acid homopolymer or copolymer fiber, polycaprolactone fiber, ceramic fiber, polyhydroxyalkanoate homopolymer or copolymer fiber, PEEK fiber or combinations thereof.

And the fiber component may comprise at least one from the group consisting of a plurality of single filaments, woven filaments, braided filaments and composite mesh containing at least one compositional fibers.

In one form of the invention, the fiber component comprises a high modulus fiber having a modulus greater than 10 GPa compressive strength and a low modulus thermoplastic fiber having a modulus less than 8 GPa compressive strength, and the low modulus thermoplastic fiber is pre-melted so as to provide a position-retaining structure for the high modulus fibers.

The fiber component may have a length-to-width aspect ratio of at least 20:1.

In one form of the invention, the high modulus fiber component comprises a matrix, and the thermoplastic polymer matrix is combined with the fiber matrix via a solution-casting process.

The thermoplastic polymer matrix may be applied from a solvent solution to a fiber construct through multiple application steps, wherein the solvent is removed after each step so as to allow for full wetting of the fiber surfaces and removal of any voids from trapped solvent components.

The high modulus fiber component may comprise a matrix, and the thermoplastic polymer matrix may be combined with the fiber matrix via a melt coating process.

The melt coating process may be a pultrusion of a T bar fiber extrusion process.

The thermoplastic polymer matrix is selected from the following biodegradable or bioabsorbable materials: polylactic acid homopolymer or copolymer, polycaprolactone, ceramic, polyglycolide (PGA), glycolide copolymers, glycolide/lactide copolymers (PGA/PLA), and polylactic acid co-caprolactone block copolymer or random copolymer, polyglycolic acid co-polylactic acid block or random copolymer, glycolide/trimethylene carbonate copolymers (PGA/TMC), stereoisomers and copolymers of polylactide, poly-L-lactide (PLLA), poly-D-lactide (PDLA), poly-DL-lactide (PDLLA), L-lactide, DL-lactide copolymers, L-lactide, D-lactide copolymers, lactide tetramethylene glycolide copolymers, lactide/trimethylene carbonate copolymers, lactide/delta-valerolactone copolymers, lactide/epsilon-caprolactone copolymers, polydepsipeptide (glycine-DL-lactide copolymer), polylactide/ethylene oxide copolymers, asymmetrically 3,6-substituted poly-1,4-dioxane-2,4-diones, polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) homopolymer or copolymer, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), poly-β hydroxybutyrate (PHB), 3-polyhydroxybutytrate-co-4-polyhydroxybutyrate copolymer, 3-polyhydroxybutytrate-co-5-polyhydroxy valerate, 3-polyhydroxybutytrate-co-6-polyhydroxyhexanoate, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate, poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB), PHB/beta-hydroxyvalerate copolymers (PHB/PHV), poly-beta.-hydroxypropionate (PHP), poly-beta-dioxanone (PDS), poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), polybutylene succinate adipate (PBSA), polyhydroxyhexanoate (PHH), polyhydroxyoctanoate (PHO), poly-DELTA-valerolactone, poly-DELTA-caprolactone, methyl methacrylate-N-vinyl pyrrolidone copolymers, polyester amides, oxalic acid polyesters, polydihydropyrans, polypeptides from alpha-amino acids, poly-beta-maleic acid (PMLA), poly-beta-alkanoic acids, polyethylene oxide (PEO), silk, collagen, derivatized hyaluronic acid resorbable or soluble glasses, resorbable ceramic, resorbable metal and chitin polymers.

The thermoplastic polymer implant be constructed so that it starts to degrade in the body within about 1 month to about 24 months after implantation in the body.

Or the thermoplastic polymer implant may be constructed so that it loses at least 50% of its original mechanical strength after 6 months in the body.

Or the thermoplastic polymer implant may be constructed so that it loses at least 80% of its original mechanical strength after 12 months in the body.

The thermoplastic polymer implant may be constructed so that about 1% to about 25% of the thermoplastic polymer matrix is replaced by a crosslinking polymer component so as to provide improved adhesive strength between the thermoplastic polymer matrix and the high modulus fiber component.

In one form of the invention, the high modulus fiber component comprises a matrix, and the thermoplastic polymer matrix is applied to the fiber matrix in the form of a fine powder and then heat fused to consolidate the subsequent molten thermoplastic polymer matrix around the high modulus fiber component.

And in one form of the invention the high modulus fiber component comprises a matrix, and the thermoplastic polymer matrix is applied to the fiber matrix via electrospinning of the thermoplastic polymer and then heat fused to consolidate the subsequent molten thermoplastic polymer matrix around the high modulus fiber component.

And in one form of the invention, the high modulus fiber component comprises a matrix, and the thermoplastic polymer matrix is applied to the fiber matrix via electrospinning of the thermoplastic polymer matrix and the resultant voids filled with a composition which polymerizes into a high molecular weight polymer.

The thermoplastic polymer matrix may comprise vinyl monomers which are cured using free radical initiators, UV radiation, gamma ray irradiation, or infrared radiation.

The thermoplastic polymer matrix may be cured through a condensation or addition reaction or specialized reactions related to these and known to those skilled in the art.

The thermoplastic polymer matrix may be cured through a urethane or epoxide resin process.

The high modulus fiber component may be coated with the thermoplastic polymer matrix and they are then bonded together with a crosslinking resin so as to produce the final thermoplastic polymer implant geometry.

The crosslinking resin may comprise a urethane or urea composition. The high modulus fiber component may comprise a braided rod having a triangular cross-section.

The high modulus fiber component may comprise a braided rod having a circular cross-section.

In one form of the invention, the thermoplastic polymer implant is formed prior to implantation.

The thermoplastic polymer implant may comprise a rod having a substantially circular cross-section.

The thermoplastic polymer implant may comprise a rod having a substantially triangular cross-section.

The rod may be cannulated.

In one form of the invention, the cannulation is created by forming the thermoplastic polymer implant over a mandrel and then removing the mandrel after the thermoplastic polymer implant is cured.

In one form of the invention, the thermoplastic polymer implant comprises at least two high modulus fiber components each comprising a braided rod having a triangular cross-section, and the at least two high modulus fiber components combine to form larger structures.

The thermoplastic polymer implant may be formed into a shape selected from the group consisting of a screw, a rod, a pin, a nail and a bone anchor.

In one form of the invention, there is provided a method for treating a bone, the method comprising: selecting at least one reinforcing element to be combined with an injectable matrix material so as to together form a composite implant capable of supporting the bone, wherein the at least one reinforcing element comprises a high modulus fiber component having a tensile modulus of about 8 GPa to about 400 GPa; positioning the at least one reinforcing element in a cavity in the bone; flowing the injectable matrix material into the cavity in the bone so that the injectable matrix material interfaces with the at least one reinforcing element; and transforming the injectable matrix material from a flowable state to a non-flowable state so as to establish a static structure for the composite implant, such that the composite implant supports the adjacent bone.

The cavity in the bone may comprise the intramedullary canal.

The intramedullary canal may be accessed through a hole having a diameter smaller than the diameter of the intramedullary canal.

The hole may extend at an acute angle to the intramedullary canal.

The at least one reinforcing element may be flexible, and the at least one reinforcing element may be flexed in order to pass through the hole and into the intramedullary canal.

The at least one reinforcing element may be flexible both radially and longitudinally.

The at least one reinforcing element may comprise a plurality of reinforcing elements, wherein each of the reinforcing elements is individually capable of being passed through the hole, and further wherein the plurality of reinforcing elements collectively form a structure too large to be passed through the hole.

The at least one reinforcing element may comprise at least one from the group consisting of a flexible reinforcing sheet, a flexible reinforcing rod, and particulates.

The at least one reinforcing element may comprise a flexible reinforcing sheet in the form of a tube.

The at least one reinforcing element may comprise at least two flexible reinforcing sheets arranged concentrically.

The at least one reinforcing element may comprise a flexible reinforcing sheet in the form of a rolled sheet.

The at least one reinforcing element may comprise a flexible reinforcing sheet having an arcuate cross-section.

The at least one reinforcing element may comprise a flexible reinforcing sheet having a planar cross-section.

The at least one reinforcing element may comprise a flexible reinforcing sheet comprising filaments formed into a textile.

The at least one reinforcing element may comprise a flexible reinforcing sheet comprising filaments connected by a film.

The at least one reinforcing element may comprise a flexible reinforcing rod comprising filaments held together.

The at least one reinforcing element may comprise a flexible reinforcing rod and the filaments are held together by an outer sheath.

The outer sheath may comprise filaments formed into a textile.

The at least one reinforcing element may comprise a flexible reinforcing rod and the filaments are held together by a compacted connecting structure of a textile or film.

The connecting structure may be compacted by at least one of winding and compressing.

The at least one reinforcing element may comprise a flexible reinforcing rod and the filaments may be held together by a binder.

The at least one reinforcing element may comprise particulates.

The at least one reinforcing element may comprise at least one flexible reinforcing sheet and at least one flexible reinforcing rod.

The at least one flexible reinforcing sheet and the at least one flexible reinforcing rod may be selected so as to form the composite implant with a desired stiffness.

The composite implant may have a stiffer central region and less stiff distal and proximal ends.

The injectable matrix material may comprise a polymer.

The composite implant may further comprise a containment bag, and the at least one reinforcing element may be positioned within the containment bag after the containment bag has been positioned within the cavity in the bone.

In another form of the invention, there is provided a method for treating a bone, the method comprising: selecting at least one high modulus fiber component having a tensile modulus from about 8 GPa to about 400 GPa, wherein the at least one high modulus fiber component comprises a rod having a cross-section selected from the group consisting of round and circular; flowing an injectable matrix material into the cavity in the bone so that the injectable matrix material interfaces with the at least one high modulus fiber component so as to form a composite implant, wherein the injectable matrix material comprises a thermoplastic polymer matrix; and transforming the injectable matrix material from a flowable state to a non-flowable state so as to establish a static structure for the composite implant, such that the composite implant supports the adjacent bone.

The composite implant may comprise a containment bag, and the at least one high modulus fiber component may be positioned within the containment bag after the containment bag has been positioned within the cavity in the bone.

In another form of the invention, there is provided a method for treating a bone, the method comprising: selecting at least one high modulus fiber component having a tensile modulus from about 8 GPa to about 400 GPa, wherein the high modulus fiber component comprises a plurality of fibers, and further wherein the high modulus fiber component is pre-loaded with an injectable matrix material just prior to implantation so as to together form a composite implant, wherein the injectable matrix material comprises a thermoplastic polymer matrix; positioning the composite implant in a cavity in the bone; flowing additional injectable matrix material into the high modulus fiber component so that the injectable matrix material exudes from the surfaces of the high modulus fiber component and interfaces with the surrounding bone cavity; and transforming the injectable matrix material from a flowable state to a non-flowable state so as to establish a static structure for the composite implant, such that the composite implant supports the adjacent bone and or approximated soft tissue.

Composite Implant Utilizing A Urethane Polymer Injectable Matrix Material

In one form of the invention, the composite implant comprises a polymer implant comprising a high modulus fiber reinforcing component and a urethane polymer matrix.

The high modulus fiber reinforcing component may be present in an amount from about 10 volume percent to about 75 volume percent of the polymer implant and wherein the modulus of the high modulus fiber reinforcing component is from about 6 GPa to about 90 GPa.

The high modulus fiber reinforcing component may be selected from the group consisting of E glass, carbon fiber, bio glass, soluble glass, resorbable glass, ceramic fiber, and polylactic acid homopolymer and copolymer fibers

The high modulus fiber reinforcing component may be disposed in the polymer implant in a uniaxial direction along the major axis of the polymer implant.

The high modulus fiber reinforcing component may comprise a woven or braided construct.

The orientation of the woven or braided construct of the high modulus fiber reinforcing component may be held in position by a lower modulus fiber construct, wherein the lower modulus fiber construct comprises up to 10% by weight of the total high modulus fiber reinforcing component and with the lower modulus fiber construct having a melting point between about 40 degrees C. and about 200 degrees C., such that the high modulus fiber reinforcing component is made more rigid for application into the polymer implant before curing of the urethane polymer matrix.

The high modulus fiber reinforcing component may have a length-to-width aspect ratio of at least 20:1.

The urethane injectable matrix material may be formed as described above in the section entitled “Injectable Matrix Material”.

The urethane polymer matrix may comprise at least two individual components that are mixed together to initiate the curing reaction, wherein a first component contains isocyanate functionalities and a second component contains active hydrogen functionalities capable of reacting with the isocyanate functionalities so as to form at least one from the group consisting of urethane, urea, biuret and allophonate groups during the crosslinking reaction.

The first component may be selected from the group consisting of a diisocyanate molecule, a triisocyanate molecule, a polyisocyanate molecule having at least two isocyanate groups per molecule, an isocyanate capped polyol having at least two free isocyanate groups per molecule, an isocyanate capped polyether polyol having at least two free isocyanate groups per molecule and an isocyanate capped polyester polyol having at least two free isocyanate groups per molecule.

Or the first component may be selected from the group consisting of isophorone diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, lysine diisocyanate, methyl lysine diisocyanate, lysine triisocyanate, toluene diisocyanate 1,2 and 1,4 and blends, methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and polymeric MDI having an isocyanate functionality from about 2.2 to about 2.8 isocyanate groups per molecule.

Or the first component may be a polyol isocyanate having a weight average molecular weight from about 200 to about 10,000.

Or the first component may be a blend of diisocyanate or triisocyanate molecules with a polyol capped isocyanate having two, three or four isocyanate groups per molecule in a ratio of about 1:99 percent by weight to about 99:1 percent by weight of the total isocyanate component and has a viscosity at 25 degrees C. from about 250 cps to about 5,000 cps.

The second component may be selected from the group consisting of a polyol having at least two hydroxyl groups and up to four hydroxyl groups per molecule where the hydroxyl groups are primary or secondary hydroxyls, a polyether polyol having at least two hydroxyl groups and up to four hydroxyl groups per molecule, a polyester polyol having at least two hydroxyl groups and up to four hydroxyl groups per molecule where the polyester is formed by the reaction of a diol or triol with a diacid, a polyester polyol having at least two hydroxyl groups and up to four hydroxyl groups per molecule where the polyester is formed by the reaction of hydroxyacid which is then endcapped with a diol or triol, an aspartate molecule, an amine molecule having from at least two amine groups to four amine groups per molecule where the amine groups are a primary or secondary amines, alkoxylated amines having at least two terminal amine groups per molecule, and a compound containing at least two of the following: aliphatic primary hydroxyl, aliphatic secondary hydroxyl, primary amine, secondary amine and carboxylic acid groups within the one molecule.

Or the polyester polyol is selected from a reaction mixture primarily of adipic acid or other diacids with diethylene glycol, ethylene glycol or butane diol.

The second component may be produced by the reaction product of a diamine, triamine or tetramine component with an activated vinyl component selected from the group consisting of dialkyl maleate, dialkyl fumarate, an acrylic acid ester and vinyl ester, wherein the reaction ratio is from about one equivalent of amine functionality to about one equivalent of vinyl functionality to about four equivalents of amine functionality to about one equivalent of vinyl functionality.

The second component may be a blend of a polyol component and an aspartate molecule having from about 1% to about 99% polyol component and from about 99% to about 1% aspartate, wherein at least one of the polyol component and the aspartate molecule has a functionality towards isocyanate of at least 2.1 active hydrogen groups per diisocyanate molecule and a viscosity from about 250 cps to about 5000 cps at 25 degrees C.

The urethane polymer matrix may be crosslinked.

The crosslinked urethane polymer matrix may be configured to start degrading in the body within about 1 month to about 24 months after implantation in the body.

The crosslinked urethane polymer matrix may be configured to lose at least 50% of its original mechanical strength after 6 months in the body.

The crosslinked urethane polymer matrix may be configured to lose at least 80% of its original mechanical strength after 12 months in the body.

The polymer implant may be prepared prior to implantation.

The polymer implant may be prepared in situ.

The high modulus fiber reinforcing component may be braided and may comprise a rod having a triangular cross-section.

The polymer implant may be prepared prior to implantation.

The high modulus fiber reinforcing component may be braided and may comprise a rod having a circular cross-section.

The rod may be cannulated.

Cannulation may be created by forming the polymer implant over a mandrel and then removing the mandrel after the implant is cured.

The polymer implant may comprise at least two high modulus fiber reinforcing components each comprising a braided rod having a triangular cross-section, and further wherein the at least two high modulus fiber reinforcing components combine to form larger structures.

The polymer implant may be formed into a shape selected from the group consisting of a screw, a rod, a pin, a nail and a bone anchor.

In one form of the invention, there is provided a method for treating a bone, the method comprising: selecting at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component to be combined with a urethane polymer matrix so as to together form a polymer implant capable of supporting the bone; positioning the at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component in a cavity in the bone; flowing the urethane polymer matrix into the cavity in the bone so that the urethane polymer matrix interfaces with the at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component; and transforming the urethane polymer matrix from a flowable state to a non-flowable state so as to establish a static structure for the polymer implant, such that the polymer implant supports the adjacent bone.

The cavity in the bone may comprise the intramedullary canal.

The intramedullary canal may be accessed through a hole having a diameter smaller than the diameter of the intramedullary canal.

The hole may extend at an acute angle to the intramedullary canal.

The at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component may be flexible, and the at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component must be flexed in order to pass through the hole and into the intramedullary canal.

The at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component may be flexible both radially and longitudinally.

The at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component may comprise a plurality of reinforcing elements, wherein each of the reinforcing elements is individually capable of being passed through the hole, and further wherein the plurality of reinforcing elements collectively form a structure too large to be passed through the hole.

The at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component may comprise at least one from the group consisting of a flexible reinforcing sheet, a flexible reinforcing rod, and particulates.

The at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component may comprise a flexible reinforcing sheet in the form of a tube.

The at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component may comprise at least two flexible reinforcing sheets arranged concentrically.

The at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component may comprise a flexible reinforcing sheet in the form of a rolled sheet.

The at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component may comprise a flexible reinforcing sheet having an arcuate cross-section.

The at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component may comprise a flexible reinforcing sheet having a planar cross-section.

The at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component may comprise a flexible reinforcing sheet comprising filaments formed into a textile.

The at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component may comprise a flexible reinforcing sheet comprising filaments connected by a film.

The at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component may comprise a flexible reinforcing rod comprising filaments held together.

The at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component may comprise a flexible reinforcing rod and the filaments are held together by an outer sheath.

The outer sheath may comprise filaments formed into a textile.

The at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component may comprise a flexible reinforcing rod and the filaments are held together by a compacted connecting structure of a textile or film.

The connecting structure may be compacted by at least one of winding and compressing.

The at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component may comprise a flexible reinforcing rod and the filaments are held together by a binder.

The at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component may comprise particulates.

The at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component may comprise at least one flexible reinforcing sheet and at least one flexible reinforcing rod.

The at least one flexible reinforcing sheet and the at least one flexible reinforcing rod may be selected so as to form the polymer implant with a desired stiffness.

The polymer implant may have a stiffer central region and less stiff distal and proximal ends.

The polymer implant further may comprise a containment bag, and the at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component may be positioned within the containment bag after the containment bag has been positioned within the cavity in the bone.

In one form of the invention, there is provided a method for treating a bone, the method comprising: selecting at least one pre-formed polymer implant created from at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component combined with a urethane polymer matrix so as to together form a polymer implant capable of supporting the bone; positioning the at least one pre-formed polymer implant in a cavity in the bone; flowing a urethane polymer matrix into the cavity in the bone so that the urethane polymer matrix interfaces with the at least one pre-formed polymer implant; and transforming the urethane polymer matrix from a flowable state to a non-flowable state so as to establish a static structure for the polymer implant, such that the polymer implant supports the adjacent bone.

The polymer implant may further comprise a containment bag, and the at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component may be positioned within the containment bag after the containment bag has been positioned within the cavity in the bone.

In one form of the invention, there is provided a method for treating a bone, the method comprising: selecting at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component which is pre-loaded with a urethane polymer matrix just prior to implantation so as to together form a polymer implant capable of supporting the bone once fully cured; positioning at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component in a cavity in the bone; flowing additional urethane polymer matrix into the at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component so that the urethane polymer matrix exudes from the surfaces of the at least one high modulus fiber reinforcing component and interfaces with the surrounding bone cavity; and transforming the urethane polymer matrix from a flowable state to a non-flowable state so as to establish a static structure for the polymer implant, such that the polymer implant supports the adjacent bone and or approximated soft tissue.

Composite Implant Utilizing A Resin Injectable Matrix Material

In one form of the invention, the composite implant comprises a high modulus fiber reinforcing component and resin injectable matrix material.

The high modulus fiber reinforcing component may be of the sort disclosed above.

The resin injectable matrix material may be an acrylic resin composition comprising a mixture of prepolymerized acrylic resins or styrene acrylic resins having molecular weights from about 200 to 20,000 daltons and acrylic monomers selected from at least one of the following: methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate ethylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylol propane triacrylate and trimethylol propane triamethacrylate, and an organic peroxide free radical initiator, with the mixture having an initial viscosity from about 200 cps to about 5000 cps at 20-25 degrees C. The acrylic resin composition described above may also have additional additives such as inorganic fillers, stabilizers to prevent cure of the acrylic monomers during storage and activators to accelerate the free radical cure of the acrylic system.

The resin matrix may also be a polyurethane having terminal isocyanate functionality and a viscosity from about 800 cps to about 10,000 cps at the temperature when the urethane resin matrix is applied to the high modulus fibers and a viscosity of at least 50,000 cps at 20-25 degrees C. In a non-in situ embodiment, the resin matrix may have a terminal isocyanate functionality and be applied to the high modulus fiber at a temperature from about 100 degrees C. to about 200 degrees C., the high modulus fiber having been surface coated with a sizer or primer that provides additional adhesion between the urethane resin matrix and the high modulus fiber and can optionally act as a secondary catalyst for further molecular weight increase of the urethane resin matrix and adhesion to the high modulus fiber.

In one form of the present invention, the composite implant comprises a resin matrix and a high modulus fiber reinforcing component, wherein the compressive modulus ratio between the cured resin injectable matrix material and the high fiber reinforcing component is from about 1:3 to about 1:20, and the flexural modulus ratio between the cured resin injectable matrix material and the high fiber reinforcing component is about 1:3 to about 1:10. The resin injectable matrix material may be applied to the high modulus fiber component of the composite implant in a continuous process, with the resin injectable matrix material having a viscosity (at application temperature) of from about 2 Pas to about 2000 Pas, with fiber content of from about 5 volume percent to about 75 volume percent. The high fiber reinforcing component may be selected from at least one of the following materials: E-glass, bio glass, soluble glass, resorbable glass, carbon fiber, polyaramid fiber, PET fiber, ceramic fiber, PEEK fiber, fibers formed from homopolymers or copolymers of one or more monomers selected from D lactic acid, L lactic acid dilactides of D and L isomers, glycolic acid, and/or combinations thereof.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the composite implant comprises a high fiber reinforcing component which comprises a series of single filaments, woven filaments or a composite mesh containing one or more different compositional fibers. The high modulus fiber reinforcing component may comprise a very high modulus fiber (e.g., a fiber having a modulus greater than about 80 GPa compressive strength) and a low modulus thermoplastic fiber (e.g., a fiber having a modulus less than 8 GPa), where the thermoplastic fiber is pre-melted so as to provide a retaining structure for the rigid fibers.

In another embodiment of the composite implant, the resin injectable matrix material is an acrylic resin composition comprising a mixture of prepolymerized acrylic resins (or styrene acrylic resins) having molecular weights from about 200 to 20,000 daltons, and acrylic monomers selected from at least one of the following: methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate ethylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylol propane triacrylate and trimethylol propane triamethacrylate, and an organic peroxide free radical initiator, with the mixture having an initial viscosity from about 200 cps to about 5000 cps at 20-25 degrees C. The acrylic resin composition described above may also comprise additional additives, e.g., inorganic fillers, stabilizers to prevent cure of the acrylic monomers during storage, and/or activators to accelerate the free radical cure of the acrylic system. The high modulus fiber reinforcing component may have a surface which is coated with a sizing agent, or a primer, which provides additional adhesion between the acrylic resin matrix and the high modulus fiber reinforcing component, and which can optionally act as a secondary catalyst for the polymerization of the acrylic monomers. In addition, the high modulus fiber reinforcing component may be surface coated with an amino functional material selected from at least one of the following materials: amino silanes, lysine, polyamines, amino acids and polyamino acids.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the resin injectable matrix material comprises a polyurethane having terminal isocyanate functionality and a viscosity from about 800 cps to about 10,000 cps (at the temperature when the urethane resin matrix is applied to the high modulus fiber reinforcing component) and a viscosity of at least 50,000 cps at 20-25 degrees C. The resin injectable matrix material may also comprise a polyurethane having terminal isocyanate functionality, which is applied to the high modulus fiber at a temperature from about 100 degrees C. to about 200 degrees C. The high modulus fiber reinforcing component may be surface coated (e.g., with a sizer or primer) that provides additional adhesion between the urethane resin injectable matrix material and the high modulus fiber reinforcing component, and which can optionally act as a secondary catalyst for further molecular weight increase of the urethane resin injectable matrix material and can facilitate adhesion to the high modulus fiber. The high modulus fiber reinforcing component may also be surface coated with an amino functional material selected from at least one of the following materials: amino silanes, lysine, polyamines, amino acids, and polyamino acids.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the resin injectable matrix material is a polyurethane, and the composite implant may also contain residual isocyanate groups in the composite structure such that they can be stored in a dry inert atmosphere without further crosslinking reactions, and then, when applied in the body (i.e., where moisture is present), will further cure until no residual isocyanate groups are present. This composite implant may also comprise up to about 4% by weight of polymer-bound isocyanate groups in the structure and/or the composite implant may provide a foamed surface structure in the body during final cure so as to accommodate the special difference between the polymer implant and the cavity constructed to accommodate the polymer implant, thus providing improved strength and stiffness to the repaired bone area.

EXAMPLES Example 1

Preparation of 50/50 prepolymer: 10.60 g polycaprolactone diol (0.02 mol), 6.00 g polycaprolactone triol (0.02 mol), both previously vacuum dried and 23.31 mL isophorone diisocyanate (0.10 mol) were stirred continuously while heating slowly to 70° C., and then stirred at 70° C. for 2 hours. The heat and stirring was stopped and the reaction was allowed to sit at room temperature overnight. Yield ˜40 g clear highly viscous material.

Example 2

Preparation of 60/40 prepolymer: 15.90 g polycaprolactone diol (0.03 mol), 6.00 g polycaprolactone triol (0.02 mol), both previously vacuum dried and 27.97 mL isophorone diisocyanate (0.13 mol) were stirred continuously while heating slowly to 70° C., and then stirred at 70° C. for 2 hours. The heat and stirring was stopped and the reaction was allowed to sit at room temperature overnight. Yield ˜50 g clear viscous material.

Example 3

Preparation of hexamethylenediamine aspartic acid ester: 11.62 g hexamethylenediamine (0.10 mol) and 38.86 g tert-butanol was combined, and 34.46 g diethyl maleate (0.20 mol) was added slowly. Reaction was N₂ blanketed and heated to 70° C. with stifling for 30 minutes. Reaction was allowed to sit at room temperature for 120 hours before removing tert-butanol via rotary evaporation at 70° C. and 215-195 mbar. Yield ˜45 mL clear slightly viscous liquid.

Example 4

Preparation of isophorone diamine aspartic acid ester: 17.04 g isophorone diamine (0.10 mol) and 38.75 g tert-butanol was combined, and 34.43 g diethyl maleate (0.20 mol) was added slowly. Reaction was N₂ blanketed and heated to 35° C. with stifling for 15 minutes. Reaction was allowed to sit at room temperature for 120 hours before removing tert-butanol via rotary evaporation at 70° C. and 215-195 mbar. Yield ˜45 mL clear slightly viscous liquid.

Example 5

Preparation of diethylenetriamine aspartic acid ester: 10.33 g diethylenetriamine (0.10 mol) and 38.74 g tert-butanol was combined, and 34.36 g diethyl maleate (0.20 mol) was added slowly. Reaction was N₂ blanketed and heated to 35° C. with stifling for 10 minutes. Reaction was allowed to sit at room temperature for 120 hours before removing tert-butanol via rotary evaporation at 70° C. and 215-195 mbar. Yield ˜35 mL pale yellow slightly viscous liquid.

Example 6

Preparation of Polypropylene braid: A Steeger horizontal braider was used with 0.008″ OD polypropylene monofilament. Braids were run with 24 sheath yarns, and the samples that were run with axials had 12 axials, all made of the same 0.008″ OD PP. Samples were run over 5 mm and 10 mm diameter mandrels.

Example 7

Preparation of Polylactic acid (PLA) braid: A Steeger horizontal braider was used with 120d PLLA multifilament. Braids were run with 48 ends, and the samples that were run with axials had 24 axials, all made of the same 120d PLLA. Samples were run over 5, 7 and 10 mm diameter mandrels.

Example 8

Preparation of 1.5 mm diameter PLA braid: 1.5 mm braids were constructed around a core constructed of 90 ends of 75d PLLA, twisted at approximately 2 TPI. The outer sheath was constructed of 24 ends of 120d PLLA. A Steeger 48 end horizontal braider was used.

Example 9

Preparation of 1.5 mm diameter PLA braid with axial fibers: 1.5 mm braids were constructed around a core constructed of 90 ends of 75d PLLA, twisted at approximately 2 TPI. The outer sheath was constructed of 24 ends of 120d PLLA, and 12 axial ends of 120d PLLA. A Steeger 48 end horizontal braider was used.

Example 10

Preparation of Polyurethane: 2.60 grams of the prepolymer of Example 1 was mixed with 0.30 grams of polycaprolactone triol and 0.10 grams of glycerol at 0.13% w/w dibutyltin dilaurate. The mixture was transferred into a 3 ml syringe and placed in an oven at 37° C. to cure overnight. The sample was removed from the syringe and cut using a diamond saw to make a compression test piece. Compression testing showed that the material had a compressive stiffness of 1.1 GPa and a yield strength of 56 MPa.

Example 11

Preparation of Polyurethane: 2.60 grams of the prepolymer of Example 1 was mixed with 1.00 grams of tricalcium phosphate and 0.30 grams of polycaprolactone triol and 0.10 grams of glycerol at 0.13% w/w dibutyltin dilaurate. The mixture was transferred into a 3 ml syringe and placed in an oven at 37° C. to cure overnight. The sample was removed from the syringe and cut using a diamond saw to make a compression test piece. Compression testing showed that the material had a compressive stiffness of 1.3 GPa and a yield strength of 63 MPa.

Example 12

Preparation of Polyurethane: 2.60 grams of the prepolymer of Example 1 was mixed with 2.48 grams of tricalcium phosphate and 0.35 grams of polycaprolactone triol and 0.10 grams of glycerol 0.13% w/w dibutyltin dilaurate. The mixture was transferred into a 3 ml syringe and placed in an oven at 37° C. to cure overnight. The sample was removed from the syringe and cut using a diamond saw to make a compression test piece. Compression testing showed that the material had a compressive stiffness of 1.8 GPa and a yield strength of 71 MPa.

Example 13

Preparation of Polyurethane: 4.05 grams of the prepolymer of Example 2 was mixed with 0.50 grams of polycaprolactone triol and 0.15 grams of glycerol 0.13% w/w dibutyltin dilaurate. The mixture was transferred into a 3 ml syringe and placed in an oven at 37° C. to cure overnight. The sample was removed from the syringe and cut using a diamond saw to make a compression test piece. Compression testing showed that the material had a compressive stiffness of 1.1 GPa and a yield strength of 53 MPa.

Example 14

Preparation of Polyurethane: 4.05 grams of the prepolymer of Example 2 was mixed with 2.01 grams of tricalcium phosphate and 0.50 grams of polycaprolactone triol and 0.15 grams of glycerol 0.13% w/w dibutyltin dilaurate. The mixture was transferred into a 3 ml syringe and placed in an oven at 37° C. to cure overnight. The sample was removed from the syringe and cut using a diamond saw to make a compression test piece. Compression testing showed that the material had a compressive stiffness of 1.5 GPa and a yield strength of 69 MPa.

Example 17

Preparation of Polyurethane: 5.26 grams of the prepolymer of Example 1 was mixed with 3.81 grams of the aspartic acid ester from Example 5. The mixture was transferred to a 3 ml syringe and placed in an oven at 37° C. to cure overnight. The sample was removed from the syringe and cut using a diamond saw to make a compression test piece. Compression testing showed that the material had a compressive stiffness of 0.6 GPa and a yield strength of 29 MPa.

Example 18

Preparation of Polyurethane: 2.05 grams of the prepolymer of Example 2 was mixed with 2.17 grams of the aspartic acid ester from Example 3. The mixture was transferred to a 3 ml syringe and placed in an oven at 37° C. to cure overnight.

Example 19

Preparation of Polyurethane: 2.03 grams of the prepolymer of Example 2 was mixed with 2.43 grams of the aspartic acid ester from Example 4. The mixture was transferred to a 3 ml syringe and placed in an oven at 37° C. to cure overnight.

Example 20

Preparation of Polyurethane: 8.10 grams of the prepolymer of Example 2 was mixed with 5.70 grams of the aspartic acid ester from Example 5. The mixture was transferred to a 3 ml syringe and placed in an oven at 37° C. to cure overnight. The sample was removed from the syringe and cut using a diamond saw to make a compression test piece. Compression testing showed that the material had a compressive stiffness of 0.7 GPa and a yield strength of 20 MPa.

Example 21

Preparation of high MW DL-lactide: 5.15 grams of DL-lactide monomer was added to 0.31 grams ethylene glycol and 0.0016 grams Tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate. Mixture heated to 120° C. for 24 hours. Clear, viscous fluid.

Example 22

Preparation of middle MW DL-lactide: 7.19 grams of DL-lactide monomer was added to 1.56 grams ethylene glycol and 0.0029 grams Tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate. Mixture heated to 120° C. for 24 hours. Clear, slightly viscous fluid.

Example 23

Preparation of low MW DL-lactide: 7.21 grams of DL-lactide monomer was added to 3.10 grams ethylene glycol and 0.0030 grams Tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate. Mixture heated to 120° C. for 24 hours. Clear fluid, very low viscosity.

Example 24

Preparation of Polyurethane: 2.05 grams of prepolymer from Example 2 was mixed with 0.59 grams DL-lactide from Example 21 and 0.0031 grams dibutyltin dilaurate. The mixture was transferred to a 3 ml syringe and placed in an oven at 37° C. to cure overnight.

Example 25

Preparation of Polyurethane: 2.02 grams of prepolymer from Example 2 was mixed with 0.57 grams DL-lactide from Example 22 and 0.0032 grams dibutyltin dilaurate. The mixture was transferred to a 3 ml syringe and placed in an oven at 37° C. to cure overnight.

Example 26

Preparation of Polyurethane: 2.05 grams of prepolymer from Example 2 was mixed with 0.57 grams DL-lactide from Example 23 and 0.0024 grams dibutyltin dilaurate. The mixture was transferred to a 3 ml syringe and placed in an oven at 37° C. to cure overnight.

Example 27

Preparation of Polyurethane with braid reinforcement: One 10 mm ID polypropylene braid with triaxials was filled with polyurethane from Example 13. Sample was cured at 37° C. in a cylindrical mold overnight. The sample was removed from the syringe and cut using a diamond saw to make a compression test piece. Compression testing showed that the material had a compressive stiffness of 1.3 GPa and a yield strength of 69 MPa.

Example 28

Preparation of Polyurethane with braid reinforcement: Two 10 mm ID polypropylene braids with triaxials were stacked one inside the other and filled with polyurethane from Example 13. Sample was cured at 37° C. in a cylindrical mold overnight. The sample was removed from the syringe and cut using a diamond saw to make a compression test piece. Compression testing showed that the material had a compressive stiffness of 1.0 GPa and a yield strength of 44 MPa.

Example 29

Preparation of Polyurethane with braid reinforcement: Four 10 mm ID polypropylene braids with triaxials were stacked one inside the other and filled with polyurethane from Example 13. Sample was cured at 37° C. in a cylindrical mold overnight. The sample was removed from the syringe and cut using a diamond saw to make a compression test piece. Compression testing showed that the material had a compressive stiffness of 1.3 GPa and a yield strength of 69 MPa.

Example 30

Preparation of Polyurethane with braid reinforcement: Four 10 mm ID polypropylene braids with triaxials were stacked one inside the other, and three 5 mm ID polypropylene braids with triaxials were stacked in the same way. The smaller ID braids were placed inside the four 10 mm ID braids and filled with polyurethane from Example 13. Sample was cured at 37° C. in a cylindrical mold overnight. The sample was removed from the syringe and cut using a diamond saw to make a compression test piece. Compression testing showed that the material had a compressive stiffness of 1.2 GPa and a yield strength of 63 MPa.

Example 31

Preparation of Polyurethane with braid reinforcement: One 10 mm ID polypropylene braid with triaxials was filled with polyurethane from Example 14. Sample was cured at 37° C. in a cylindrical mold overnight. The sample was removed from the syringe and cut using a diamond saw to make a compression test piece. Compression testing showed that the material had a compressive stiffness of 1.0 GPa and a yield strength of 53 MPa.

Example 32

Preparation of Polyurethane with braid reinforcement: Two 10 mm ID polypropylene braids with triaxials were stacked one inside the other and filled with polyurethane from Example 14. Sample was cured at 37° C. in a cylindrical mold overnight. The sample was removed from the syringe and cut using a diamond saw to make a compression test piece. Compression testing showed that the material had a compressive stiffness of 1.7 GPa and a yield strength of 75 MPa.

Example 33

Preparation of Polyurethane with braid reinforcement: Four 10 mm ID polypropylene braids with triaxials were stacked one inside the other and filled with polyurethane from Example 14. Sample was cured at 37° C. in a cylindrical mold overnight. The sample was removed from the syringe and cut using a diamond saw to make a compression test piece. Compression testing showed that the material had a compressive stiffness of 2.0 GPa and a yield strength of 66 MPa.

Example 34

Preparation of Polyurethane with braid reinforcement: Four 10 mm ID polypropylene braids with triaxials were stacked one inside the other, and three 5 mm ID polypropylene braids with triaxials were stacked in the same way. The smaller ID braids were placed inside the four 10 mm ID braids and filled with polyurethane from Example 14. Sample was cured at 37° C. in a cylindrical mold overnight. The sample was removed from the syringe and cut using a diamond saw to make a compression test piece. Compression testing showed that the material had a compressive stiffness of 1.7 GPa and a yield strength of 70 MPa.

Example 35

Preparation of Polyurethane with braid reinforcement: One 1.5 mm ID PLA braid with axials was loaded into a 2 mm ID tube and filled with polyurethane from Example 13 that had been degassed with no DBDL. Sample was cured at 70° C. for two days. The sample was removed from the tubing for three point bending test.

Example 36

Preparation of Polyurethane with braid reinforcement: One 1.5 mm ID PLA braid without axials was loaded into a 2 mm ID tube and filled with polyurethane from Example 13 that had been degas sed with no DBDL. Sample was cured at 70° C. for two days. The sample was removed from the tubing for three point bending test.

Example 37

Preparation of Polyurethane with braid reinforcement: One 5 mm ID PLA braid without axials was loaded into a 5 mm ID tube and filled with polyurethane from Example 13 that had been degas sed with no DBDL. Sample was cured at 70° C. for two days. The sample was removed from the tubing for three point bending test. Three point bend testing showed that the material had a stiffness of 1.2 Gpa and a yield strength of 39 Mpa.

Example 38

Preparation of Polyurethane with braid reinforcement: One 10 mm ID PLA braid without axials was filled with polyurethane from Example 13 that had been degassed with no DBDL. Sample was cured at 70° C. in a cylindrical mold for two days. The sample was removed from the syringe and cut using a diamond saw to make a compression test piece. Compression testing showed that the material had a compressive stiffness of 0.8 GPa and a yield strength of 39 MPa.

Example 39

Preparation of Polyurethane with braid reinforcement: One 7 mm ID PLA braid without axials was placed inside of a 10 mm ID PLA braid without axials and filled with polyurethane from Example 13 that had been degas sed with no DBDL. Sample was cured at 70° C. in a cylindrical mold for two days. The sample was removed from the syringe and cut using a diamond saw to make a compression test piece. Compression testing showed that the material had a compressive stiffness of 0.5 GPa and a yield strength of 27 MPa.

Example 40

Preparation of Polyurethane with braid reinforcement: One 5 mm ID PLA braid without axials was placed inside of a 7 mm ID PLA braid without axials and both braids were placed inside of a 10 mm ID PLA braid without axials, and the entire stack was filled with polyurethane from Example 13 that had been degas sed with no DBDL. Sample was cured at 70° C. in a cylindrical mold for two days. The sample was removed from the syringe and cut using a diamond saw to make a compression test piece. Compression testing showed that the material had a compressive stiffness of 0.8 GPa and a yield strength of 39 MPa.

Examples 41-50 Glass Braid Composites

Preparation of 60/40 prepolymer: 15.90 g polycaprolactone diol (0.03 mol), 6.00 g polycaprolactone triol (0.02 mol), both previously vacuum dried and 27.97 ml isophorone diisocyanate (0.13 mol) were stirred continuously while heating slowly to 70° C., and then stirred at 70° C. for 2 hours. The heat and stirring was stopped and the reaction was allowed to sit at room temperature overnight yielding ˜50 g of clear viscous material.

Textile engineered braided glass fibers were prepared having 3 axial fiber bundles bound by bias fiber bundles in a glass content ratio of approximately 1:1; the bias bundles were orientated at +/−45 degrees to the axial bundles; the resulting textile having a predominantly triangular cross-section. A single braid approximately 1.9-2 mm in diameter and about 80 mm in length was placed in a PTFE tube and a selection of polyurethane formulations in the table below were injected down the tube using both injection pressure and vacuum suction to produce substantially void free constructions with approximately 50% eglass by volume. The constructions were cured at 70 degrees C. in a tight fitting stainless steel tube and cut from the PTFE tube. The cured composite pins were removed and subjected to mechanical testing. During the same operation PTFE tubes without braid reinforcements were likewise prepared so comparisons in mechanical properties of the unfilled and glass reinforced structures could be made.

Examples 41-50 use commercially available polyester polyols from King Industries (Kflex series), Perstorp (Capa) and Invista (Terin), all are known to hydrolytically breakdown over a period of time under ambient aqueous environments. The isocyanate prepolymer was the same as described in Example 2 with the polycaprolactone diol and triol being sourced from Perstorp. The polyols were precombined and allowed to stand to remove an air entrainment. The prepolymer described above was combined with the prepolymer blend at the ratios shown in the table which were calculated from hydroxyl value and isocyanate value contributions to provide stoichiometric cure. The mixture was degassed before injecting into the tubes to avoid air entrainment. The samples were cured at 70 degrees C. for 48 hours and then conditioned under ambient conditions before being tested for flexural strength.

Examples 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Polyol Kflex 366 60 60 Kflex 307 60 60 Kflex XM 60 60 337 Kflex 148 60 60 Terin 168G 60 60 Capa 4101 30 30 30 30 30 Capa 4800 30 30 30 30 30 Glycerol + 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10% DBTL Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Isocyanate 256 210 243 221 220 173 211 184 245 208 prepolymer Gel time 13 18 11 17 19 10 8 18 20 27 (min) rt Cured 1.4 0.8 1.9 0.7 2.0 1.6 2.3 1.6 1.5 2.2 Resin Flex ductile ductile ductile ductile ductile ductile ductile ductile ductile ductile Modulus (GPa)/ Failure Mode Cured 15.6 12.9 20.3 16.2 18.1 16.4 16.6 11.7 17.3 14.8 Composite ductile slip break slip slip ductile break ductile ductile ductile Flex Modulus (GPa)/ Failure mode

The data in the table above shows the effect of the polyol type and composition on cure time and flexural modulus of the cured resin and the ability to tailor performance. Similarly the incorporation of the glass reinforcement showed substantial increases in flexural modulus by 10 to 15 fold in most cases still maintaining a ductile failure mode. This increase is substantially higher than the change in properties seen in prior examples with polypropylene and PLA fiber reinforcements.

Examples 51-60

Using the same procedure as described in Examples 41-50 a series of cured polyurethane compositions were tested for mechanical strength against glass filled composites using the E glass braid structure also described in Examples 41-50.

Examples 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Polyol Capa 2504 45 35 30 35 30 45 35 30 35 30 EG/Dilactide (1:2 45 35 30 35 30 Molar Ratio) EG/Dilactide (1:4 45 35 30 35 30 Molar Ratio) Capa 4101 0 20 30 0 20 30 Capa 4800 20 30 20 30 Glycerol + 10% 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 DBTL Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Isocyanate 230 233 234 209 196 205 213 217 189 180 prepolymer Gel time (min) 81 96 124 124 88 32 34 22 34 22 rt Cured Resin Flex 2.9 2.4 1.3 1.6 1.3 2.6 2.3 2.6 2.5 1.5 Modulus (GPa)/ ductile ductile ductile ductile ductile ductile ductile ductile ductile ductile Failure Mode Cured Composite 23.6 17.3 18.0 14.9 16.7 15.5 13.4 15.8 8.2 2.8 Flex Modulus ductile slip break slip slip ductile break ductile ductile ductile (GPa)/ Failure mode

Examples 51-60 show the effect of a different type of polyester polyol, in this case made from the reaction of ethylene glycol and DL dilactide using the method below:

Preparation of high MW DL-lactide: 5.15 grams of DL-lactide monomer was added to 0.31 grams ethylene glycol and 0.0016 grams stannous 2-ethylhexanoate and heated to 120° C. for 24 hours producing a clear viscous fluid.

Preparation of DL-lactide diol: 7.19 grams of DL-lactide monomer was added to 1.56 grams ethylene glycol and 0.0029 grams stannous 2-ethylhexanoate. Mixture heated to 120° C. for 24 hours producing a clear slightly viscous fluid.

Preparation of low DL-lactide diol: 7.21 grams of DL-lactide monomer was added to 3.10 grams ethylene glycol and 0.0030 grams stannous 2-ethylhexanoate. Mixture heated to 120° C. for 24 hours producing a clear low viscosity fluid.

By selecting the type of dilactide polyol and also the amount, the flexural modulus of the cured resin may be changed from 1.3 GPa to 2.9 GPa which is very significant.

In addition, as with Examples 41-50, the flexural modulus of the glass filled composites may be change from 2.8 GPa to 23.6 GPa thus demonstrating the ability to tailor the physical properties of the implant material.

Example 61

A Polyurethane was prepared: 4.05 grams of the prepolymer of Examples 41-50 was mixed with 2.01 grams of tricalcium phosphate and 0.50 grams of polycaprolactone triol and 0.15 grams of glycerol 0.13% w/w dibutyltin dilaurate. 3 mm proximal entry holes and 3 mm mid-shaft lesions were created in 5 New Zealand White rabbits. A braided construct was compressed into a sheath and delivered through a catheter with an inner diameter of approximately 0.080 inch. The braided construct was inserted though the proximal entry and positioned across the mid-shaft lesion. The 60/40 matrix mixture from above was injected within and around the construct using a catheter with a distal portal. There was significant foaming due to the contact of the matrix with the water in the blood that obscured the procedure. The matrix cured in situ and formed an internal composite splint, however in some instances the matrix expanded and/or flowed into the fracture gap. After 6 weeks, lesions demonstrated healing except where the matrix had entered the fracture gap. In all cases, no abnormal bony reactions or infections occurred. This demonstrates that a modular splint can be constructed through a minimally invasive entry and will not interfere with normal bone healing using an engineered matrix reinforcement filled in series with a matrix material. It also highlights the requirement for a containment system to maintain the fracture gap as well as contain the curing of the polymer and direct expansion of the matrix.

Example 62

Soluble phosphate glass fibers were incorporated into a composite structure similar to those from Examples 41-50 by placing a bundle of sized strands approximately 1.9-2 mm in diameter and about 80 mm in length in a PTFE tube and injecting the degassed mixture of pre-polymers from Example 51 down the tube using both injection pressure and vacuum suction over many hours to produce predominantly void free composites which were cured at 70° C. The PTFE tube was cut and the cured pins removed and subjected to mechanical testing. A flexural modulus of 37 GPa was produced from the pins with further analysis demonstrating a 71% fiber volume in the sample. This demonstrates that the use of a bioresorbable glass as the reinforcements from this invention produces results similar to the aforementioned e-glass samples and that the invention can produce composites with greater than bone-like physical properties. It also demonstrated the long length of time required to fill and wet-out non-textile engineered uniaxial directed bundles with high fiber volume.

Example 63

Glass fibers were procured from AGY (60 fbr glass above) and PPG (30 fbr glass above). Each glass fiber had different fiber diameters. These were compared to two types of Bio-soluble glasses axially orientated within a composite using the same polyurethane matrix from Example 51 using the same methods as described in Example 62. A comparison of flexural modulus is shown in FIG. 30 and demonstrates that the smaller “60 fiber” glass (when adjusted for fiber volume) is a good surrogate for bio-soluble glass fibers and therefore justifies the use in Examples 41-60 and those that follow.

Example 64

Glass fibers were procured from AGY (60 fbr glass above) and PPG (30 fbr glass above) and used as axial reinforcing elements in composite 2 mm pins using the same polyurethane matrix and method of construction described in Example 63. The fibers differed in two manners, the diameter of one fiber was twice that to the other (filament diameters were the same for both) however the fiber volume was kept consistent, and there was a coating difference between the two (proprietary to each e-glass manufacturer). A comparison of flexural modulus is shown in FIG. 30 with a marked difference in modulus between the two composite rods. The results demonstrate that the axial strength may be dramatically increased by through the use of an appropriate fiber coating used to compatibalize the matrix to the reinforcing elements.

Example 65

Textile E glass braids were prepared having 6 axial fiber bundles (predominantly circular cross-section) bound by bias fiber bundles in a glass content ratio of approximately 1:1 axial to bias fiber volume; in one sample the bias bundles were orientated at +/−45° to the axial bundles, in the other sample the bias bundles were orientated at +/−30° to the axial bundles. 2 mm composite pins were built using the same polyurethane matrix and method of construction described in Example 63. The flexural modulus of each are compared in FIG. 31 demonstrating that the axial contribution to structure in this invention can be increased significantly by changing the bias angle within the braided reinforcing elements.

Example 66

Textile glass braids were prepared having either 6 axial fiber bundles (predominantly circular cross-section) or 3 axial fiber bundles (predominantly circular cross-section) bound by bias fiber bundles orientated at +/−45° to the axial bundles in a glass content ratio of approximately 1:1 axial to bias fiber volume and designed to contain the same volume of fiber per unit length. 2 mm composite pins were built using the same polyurethane matrix and method of construction described in Example 63. The flexural modulus of each were compared in FIG. 32, demonstrating no significant difference. Thus, the shape of a single reinforcing element will not alter its ability to reinforce a matrix.

Example 67

Textile glass braids were prepared having 6 axial fiber bundles bound by bias fiber bundles in a glass content ratio of approximately 1:1; the bias bundles were orientated at +/−45 degrees to the axial bundles; the resulting textile having a predominantly circular cross-section. The fiber by weight per unit length braid was designed to be approximately the same as the predominantly triangular cross-section E glass braids from Examples 41-50. Multiple sections of this braid and that from Examples 41-50 were fit into a PTFE tube with an inner diameter of approximately 7.5 mm. While making three samples using each braid type, 12 of the predominantly triangular cross-section braids could fit parallel in the PTFE tube (final FV 49.4%) while only 11 of the predominantly circular cross-section braids could fit(FV 47.0%). This confirms the importance of shape to reinforcement element nesting and therefore final implant fiber volume. The concept of nesting and fit is demonstrated in FIG. 33.

Example 68

The measures of flexural modulus for Example 67 showed no significant difference despite the inclusion of more reinforcement rods into the composite. The large number of reinforcement rods makes the difference in mechanical properties small, so the ratio of standard deviation to average value (expressed in %) is used to compare the variability. The triangular vs. circular cross section braids come off of the manufacturing storage roll differently. The triangular braids maintain a shape, while the circular ones come off of the roll in a rectangular shape. The rectangular shape acts to promote intra-braid nesting, creating good axially oriented columns (better bending). The variability in bending performance slightly favors the rectangle/circular design (5% vs. 9% variability). However, in torsion, the triangular shapes are much less variable than the rectangular/circular (2% vs. 13%). Showing that in torsional resistance, the triangular shapes inter-nest much better (see FIG. 34).

The shapes are also important in function. The long triangular shapes hold a vertical posture better in a less hardened, more flexible (non-composite) state, therefore will be better for insertion into long straight bones such as the humerus, tibia or femur. The rectangular shapes bend better around curves in bones such as the clavical without buckling.

Example 69

The value of the braided reinforcement construct is further demonstrated when compared to uni-axial constructs. Uni-axial constructs were made with the same fibers using the same methods as those in Example 67 in similar fiber volumes (45% FV vs. 49.4% FV-triangular constructs and 47% FV for circular constructs). The performance in bending was better than the braids (all fibers are axially oriented), however the results had significantly higher variability (17% compared to 5 or 9%) and took much longer to fill with resin and had spots within the construct that were not completely wet-out after hours of filling. In torsion, the uni-axial composite variability was similar (7% compared to 2%, triangular constructs or 13% circular constructs) but the performance was 29% lower than the braided constructs. This performance is expected is expected since the braided constructs (both circular and triangular) have 50% of the fiber volume contributing 50% of its strength (45° bias angles) to non-axial forces. This is an example of reduced filling variability using braided constructs due to the engineering in of hydrostatic force inducing elements that pull matrix through the full construct. It also demonstrates the advantage of being able to variably assign reinforcement to different directions of support. In addition, the constructs are simple, loadable structures, wherein uni-axial constructs would be very difficult to load without significant coating (that would reduce wet-out and/or fiber volume) to stiffen the components.

Example 70

An example is depicted in FIG. 35 of how multiple triangular reinforcement shapes such as those depicted in Example 68 can be combined, in pre-cured or thermoplastic molding processes, to create pins of different shapes as well. Three of the triangular reinforcement constructs from Example 68 can be combined to create a well nested final implant of unique shapes

Example 71

FIG. 36 shows how the number, size and orientation of axial fibers could be combined within a thermoplastic, reaction injection molding, or pultrusion/extrusion technique to form different shapes including long continuous shapes and a canulated form for direct implants or as part of the in situ curing method described within this invention. The forms presented in Example 68 are readily applicable to some of the shapes shown in FIG. 36.

Example 72

PCL/PLA copolymer thermoplastic (Capa 8502A) was compounded with biodegradable glass (Mo-Sci Corp GL0122P/-53) and assessed for mechanical properties. Biodegradable glass was blended into thermoplastic at 5% glass volume and 25% glass volumes. Blends were molded into cubes (roughly 1 cm×1 cm×1 cm) and tested for compressive modulus. 5% glass volume cubes resulted in a 10% improvement in elastic modulus as compared to control cube of thermoplastic without glass. 25% glass volume cube resulted in a 68% improvement in elastic modulus as compared to control cube of thermoplastic without glass. The results are shown in FIG. 37.

Example 73

An FEA model was created to judge the requirements of an intra-medullar splint. The model was loaded with a 300N force at the proximal end of the bone (shoulder joint) and kept locked at the distal (elbow) end. The whole bone displacement at the proximal end of the bone was measured under unbroken, a partial proximal humeral fracture (a model of a fracture half-way through the bone) and while splinted with an intra-medullar splint with increasing step values of Young's modulus in the partial and full fracture bone. The results demonstrated that a splint with a Young's modulus of greater than 12 GPa was necessary to return the bone to its unbroken performance level.

Example 74

A bone break model was created with a composite tube (Garulite) with an 8.10 mm ID to empirically support the FEA model from Example 73. Nine 75 mm long flexible braided glass reinforcement rods as described in Examples 41-50 (between 30-40% FV) were loaded into a 10 mm diameter PET balloon through a tube that could only accept the rods one at a time. The bag and rods were positioned across an incomplete cut in the tube (approximately 0.7 mm in distance) and filled under vacuum from a single manually extended 60 cc syringe with the polyurethane from Example 51 then cured at 70° C. The tube break was tested pre and post splint positioning in non-destructive and destructive 4 point bend testing. In non-destructive testing, the load needed to cause strain at the fracture line of 0.5% increased from 28 N to 260 N. In destructive testing, the repair withstood 516 N prior to reaching 2% strain and yielded at about 3.5% strain at 800 N of loading with a peak load of 880 N and a non-catastrophic failure mode. Since bone typically breaks at 1.5-2% strain and will experience secondary bone healing between 2-10% strain, this example demonstrates that this invention, with a reasonable final fiber volume will increase the stiffness of a fractured tubular bone to a degree that it approaches the performance criteria of bone and will allow secondary healing to occur.

Example 75

Thermoplastic P4HB beads and PLA beads as received were mixed with phosphate based soluble glasses and incubated in phosphate based buffer solution at 50° C. for 52 days in vials, 50/50 by weight. Buffer was changed periodically as pH shifted. Beads were dried thoroughly after 52 days and analyzed via GPC. For P4HB, the higher molecular weight portion (Mz) decreased significantly regardless of additive. Lower molecular weight portion (Mn) increased slightly more in control than in samples with additives. Addition of 1 glass type effected on speed of degradation for both high molecular weight portion (Mz) as well as lower molecular weight portion (Mn) of samples. For PLA, there was a large decrease in MW regardless of additive. Soluble glass 1 very slightly slows degradation while soluble glass 2 speeds it up. This example demonstrates that a thermoplastic, soluble glass composite degrades. Additionally, P4HB—known to degrade primarily by enzymatic degradation—was demonstrated to have increased hydrolytic degradation due to the addition of soluble glass.

Example 76

2 mm pins were constructed as per Example 62 with the polyurethane of Example 51 and phosphate based soluble glass uni-axial fibers. The pins were coated with a well established material that retards the ingress of water to a rate of 1 gram*mil/(100 in²)*day. The loss of stiffness was severely retarded over a 25 day period with a stiffness that remained well above the need expected in the FEA analysis from Example 73. This demonstrates that the use of an external barrier such as hydrophobic properties of the bag/balloon or an external coating on a pre-formed structure will serve to retard the degradation process of the full implant. See FIG. 38.

Example 77

The time it takes to fill a multi-braid structure was measured. A volumetric model was created with an increasing number of triangular braids (as per Examples 41-50) loaded horizontally. A polyurethane as per Example 51 (viscosity approximately 1000 cp) was filled under vacuum alone (no added positive mechanical pressure from the injection syringe) provided by a fully extended 60 cc syringe. The injection time was tracked along with the volume injected. The results are shown below (the fit lines are for visualization only, not a mathematical fit) for the highest fiber volume (# of braids) loaded per model size (described by model diameter). The models all had different overall volumes to fill but the same length (i.e., distance from bottom of model to top; the two largest models had approximately 61% fiber volumes to wet-out and the smallest model was a slightly higher fiber volume of 68% to fill. The fill and wet-out was completed in 90 seconds or less for the two largest volumes and took about 2 minutes for an “over-stuffed” small model. This demonstrates a reasonable fill time for in situ filling in an operative environment for building a splint. There were occasions when the reinforcing rods were too close to the inflow of the resin, this represents instances where the rod insertion could have kinked or blocked the inflow channels. These instances severely retarded inflow and reinforce the importance of relatively robust (but flexible) reinforcement rods. It also highlights the importance and addition of vacuum alone, from a simple disposable device (e.g., a syringe). See FIG. 39.

Modifications of the Preferred Embodiments

It should be understood that many additional changes in the details, materials, steps and arrangements of parts, which have been herein described and illustrated in order to explain the nature of the present invention, may be made by those skilled in the art while still remaining within the principles and scope of the invention. 

1. A composite implant comprising a containment bag, an injectable matrix material for positioning within the containment bag, wherein the injectable matrix material is flowable and settable, and at least one reinforcing element for positioning within the containment bag and integration with the injectable matrix material, the at least one reinforcing element adding sufficient strength to the injectable matrix material such that when the composite implant is disposed in a cavity in a bone, the composite implant supports the bone; wherein the containment bag comprises a permeation barrier for providing at least one of (i) prohibiting or modulating the release of injectable matrix material out of the containment bag into the surrounding environment, and (ii) prohibiting or modulating the ingress of body fluids into the interior of the containment bag, whereby to regulate contact of body fluids with the injectable matrix material and the reinforcing elements, whereby to regulate the degredation rate of the injectable matrix material and the reinforcing elements. 2.-61. (canceled)
 62. A thermoplastic polymer implant comprising a thermoplastic polymer matrix and a high modulus fiber component having a tensile modulus from about 8 GPa to about 400 GPa.
 63. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 62 wherein the fiber content of the thermoplastic polymer implant is from about 5 volume percent to about 75 volume percent.
 64. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 62 wherein the fiber content of the thermoplastic polymer implant is from about 25 volume percent to about 50 volume percent.
 65. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 62 wherein the fiber component is selected from the group consisting of E glass, bio glass, soluble glass, resorbable glass, carbon fiber, polyaramid fiber, PET fiber, polylactic acid homopolymer or copolymer fiber, polycaprolactone fiber, ceramic fiber, polyhydroxyalkanoate homopolymer or copolymer fiber, PEEK fiber or combinations thereof.
 66. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 62 wherein the fiber component comprises at least one from the group consisting of a plurality of single filaments, woven filaments, braided filaments and composite mesh containing at least one compositional fibers.
 67. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 62 wherein the fiber component comprises a high modulus fiber having a modulus greater than 10 GPa compressive strength and a low modulus thermoplastic fiber having a modulus less than 8 GPa compressive strength, and wherein the low modulus thermoplastic fiber is pre-melted so as to provide a position-retaining structure for the high modulus fibers.
 68. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 62 wherein the fiber component has a length-to-width aspect ratio of at least 20:1.
 69. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 62 wherein the high modulus fiber component comprises a matrix, and further wherein the thermoplastic polymer matrix is combined with the fiber matrix via a solution-casting process.
 70. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 62 wherein the thermoplastic polymer matrix is applied from a solvent solution to a fiber construct through multiple application steps, wherein the solvent is removed after each step so as to allow for full wetting of the fiber surfaces and removal of any voids from trapped solvent components.
 71. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 62 wherein the high modulus fiber component comprises a matrix, and further wherein the thermoplastic polymer matrix is combined with the fiber matrix via a melt coating process.
 72. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 71 wherein the melt coating process is preferably a pultrusion of a T bar fiber extrusion process.
 73. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 62 wherein the thermoplastic polymer matrix is selected from the group consisting of polylactic acid homopolymer or copolymer, polycaprolactone, ceramic, polyhydroxyalkanoate homopolymer or copolymer, polyglycolic acid co-polylactic acid block or random copolymer, and polylactic acid co-caprolactone block copolymer or random copolymer.
 74. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 62 wherein the thermoplastic polymer implant starts to degrade in the body within about 1 month to about 24 months after implantation in the body.
 75. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 62 wherein the thermoplastic polymer implant loses at least 50% of its original mechanical strength after 6 months in the body.
 76. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 62 wherein the thermoplastic polymer implant loses at least 80% of its original mechanical strength after 12 months in the body.
 77. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 62 wherein from about 1% to about 25% of the thermoplastic polymer matrix is replaced by a crosslinking polymer component so as to provide improved adhesive strength between the thermoplastic polymer matrix and the high modulus fiber component.
 78. A thermoplastic polymer implant according claim 62 wherein the high modulus fiber component comprises a matrix, and further wherein the thermoplastic polymer matrix is applied to the fiber matrix in the form of a fine powder and then heat fused to consolidate the subsequent molten thermoplastic polymer matrix around the high modulus fiber component.
 79. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 62 wherein the high modulus fiber component comprises a matrix, and further wherein the thermoplastic polymer matrix is applied to the fiber matrix via electrospinning of the thermoplastic polymer and then heat fused to consolidate the subsequent molten thermoplastic polymer matrix around the high modulus fiber component.
 80. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 62 wherein the high modulus fiber component comprises a matrix, and further wherein the thermoplastic polymer matrix is applied to the fiber matrix via electrospinning of the thermoplastic polymer matrix and the resultant voids filled with a composition which polymerizes into a high molecular weight polymer.
 81. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 79 wherein the thermoplastic polymer matrix comprises vinyl monomers which are cured using free radical initiators, UV radiation, gamma irradiation or infrared radiation.
 82. A thermoplastic implant according to claim 79 wherein the thermoplastic polymer matrix is cured through a condensation or addition reaction.
 83. A thermoplastic implant according to claim 82 wherein the thermoplastic polymer matrix is cured through a urethane or epoxide resin process.
 84. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 62 wherein the high modulus fiber component is coated with the thermoplastic polymer matrix and they are then bonded together with a crosslinking resin so as to produce the final thermoplastic polymer implant geometry.
 85. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 84 wherein the crosslinking resin comprises a urethane or urea composition.
 86. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 62 wherein the high modulus fiber component comprises a braided rod having a triangular cross-section.
 87. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 62 wherein the thermoplastic polymer implant is formed prior to implantation.
 88. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 87 wherein the thermoplastic polymer implant comprises a rod having a substantially circular cross-section.
 89. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 87 wherein the thermoplastic polymer implant comprises a rod having a substantially triangular cross-section.
 90. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 88 wherein the rod is cannulated.
 91. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 89 wherein the rod is cannulated.
 92. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 90 wherein cannulation is created by forming the thermoplastic polymer implant over a mandrel and then removing the mandrel after the thermoplastic polymer implant is cured.
 93. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 91 wherein cannulation is created by forming the thermoplastic polymer implant over a mandrel and then removing the mandrel after the thermoplastic polymer implant is cured.
 94. A thermoplastic polymer implant according to claim 87 wherein the thermoplastic polymer implant comprises at least two high modulus fiber components each comprising a braided rod having a triangular cross-section, and further wherein the at least two high modulus fiber components combine to form larger structures.
 95. A thermoplastic implant according to claim 87 wherein the thermoplastic polymer implant is formed into a shape selected from the group consisting of a screw, a rod, a pin, a nail and a bone anchor. 96.-125. (canceled)
 126. A polymer implant comprising a high modulus fiber reinforcing component and a urethane polymer matrix.
 127. A polymer implant according to claim 126 wherein the high modulus fiber reinforcing component is present in an amount from about 10 volume percent to about 75 volume percent of the polymer implant and wherein the modulus of the high modulus fiber reinforcing component is from about 6 GPa to about 90 GPa.
 128. A polymer implant according to claim 126 wherein the high modulus fiber reinforcing component is selected from the group consisting of E glass, carbon fiber, bio glass, soluble glass, resorbable glass, ceramic fiber, and polylactic acid homopolymer and copolymer fibers.
 129. A polymer implant according to claim 126 wherein the high modulus fiber reinforcing component is disposed in the polymer implant in a uniaxial direction along the major axis of the polymer implant.
 130. A polymer implant according to claim 126 wherein the high modulus fiber reinforcing component comprises a woven or braided construct.
 131. A polymer implant according to claim 130 wherein the orientation of the woven or braided construct of the high modulus fiber reinforcing component is held in position by a lower modulus fiber construct, wherein the lower modulus fiber construct comprises up to 10% by weight of the total high modulus fiber reinforcing component and with the lower modulus fiber construct having a melting point between about 40 degrees C. and about 200 degrees C., such that the high modulus fiber reinforcing component is made more rigid for application into the polymer implant before curing of the urethane polymer matrix.
 132. A polymer implant according to claim 126 wherein the high modulus fiber reinforcing component has a length-to-width aspect ratio of at least 20:1.
 133. A polymer implant according to claim 126 wherein the urethane polymer matrix comprises at least two individual components that are mixed together to initiate the curing reaction, wherein a first component contains isocyanate functionalities and a second component contains active hydrogen functionalities capable of reacting with the isocyanate functionalities so as to form at least one from the group consisting of urethane, urea, biuret and allophonate groups during the crosslinking reaction.
 134. A polymer implant according to claim 133 wherein the first component is selected from the group consisting of a diisocyanate molecule, a triisocyanate molecule, a polyisocyanate molecule having at least two isocyanate groups per molecule, an isocyanate capped polyol having at least two free isocyanate groups per molecule, an isocyanate capped polyether polyol having at least two free isocyanate groups per molecule and an isocyanate capped polyester polyol having at least two free isocyanate groups per molecule.
 135. A polymer implant according to claim 133 wherein the first component is selected from the group consisting of isophorone diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, lysine diisocyanate, methyl lysine diisocyanate, lysine triisocyanate, toluene diisocyanate 1,2 and 1,4 and blends, methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and polymeric MDI having an isocyanate functionality from about 2.2 to about 2.8 isocyanate groups per molecule.
 136. A polymer implant according to claim 133 wherein the first component is a polyol isocyanate having a weight average molecular weight from about 200 to about 10,000.
 137. A polymer implant according to claim 133 wherein the first component is a blend of diisocyanate or triisocyanate molecules with a polyol capped isocyanate having two, three or four isocyanate groups per molecule in a ratio of about 1:99 percent by weight to about 99:1 percent by weight of the total isocyanate component and has a viscosity at 25 degrees C. from about 250 cps to about 5,000 cps.
 138. A polymer implant according to claim 133 wherein the second component is selected from the group consisting of a polyol having at least two hydroxyl groups and up to four hydroxyl groups per molecule where the hydroxyl groups are primary or secondary hydroxyls, a polyether polyol having at least two hydroxyl groups and up to four hydroxyl groups per molecule, a polyester polyol having at least two hydroxyl groups and up to four hydroxyl groups per molecule where the polyester is formed by the reaction of a diol or triol with a diacid, a polyester polyol having at least two hydroxyl groups and up to four hydroxyl groups per molecule where the polyester is formed by the reaction of hydroxyacid which is then endcapped with a diol or triol, an aspartate molecule, an amine molecule having from at least two amine groups to four amine groups per molecule where the amine groups are a primary or secondary amines, alkoxylated amines having at least two terminal amine groups per molecule, and a compound containing at least two of the following: aliphatic primary hydroxyl, aliphatic secondary hydroxyl, primary amine, secondary amine and carboxylic acid groups within the one molecule.
 139. A polymer implant according to claim 138 wherein the polyester polyol is selected from a reaction mixture primarily of adipic acid with diethylene glycol, ethylene glycol or butane diol.
 140. A polymer implant according to claim 138 wherein the second component is produced by the reaction product of a diamine, triamine or tetramine component with an activated vinyl component selected from the group consisting of dialkyl maleate, dialkyl fumarate, an acrylic acid ester and vinyl ester, wherein the reaction ratio is from about one equivalent of amine functionality to about one equivalent of vinyl functionality to about four equivalents of amine functionality to about one equivalent of vinyl functionality.
 141. A polymer implant according to claim 138 wherein the second component is a blend of a polyol component and an aspartate molecule having from about 1% to about 99% polyol component and from about 99% to about 1% aspartate, wherein at least one of the polyol component and the aspartate molecule has a functionality towards isocyanate of at least 2.1 active hydrogen groups per diisocyanate molecule and a viscosity from about 250 cps to about 5000 cps at 25 degrees C.
 142. A polymer implant according to claim 126 wherein the urethane polymer matrix is crosslinked.
 143. A polymer implant according to claim 142 wherein the crosslinked urethane polymer matrix is configured to start degrading in the body within about 1 month to about 24 months after implantation in the body.
 144. A polymer implant according to claim 142 wherein the crosslinked urethane polymer matrix is configured to lose at least 50% of its original mechanical strength after 6 months in the body.
 145. A polymer implant according to claim 142 wherein the crosslinked urethane polymer matrix is configured to lose at least 80% of its original mechanical strength after 12 months in the body.
 146. A polymer implant according to claim 126 wherein the polymer implant is prepared prior to implantation.
 147. A polymer implant according to claim 126 wherein the polymer implant is prepared in situ.
 148. A polymer implant according to claim 126 wherein the high modulus fiber reinforcing component is braided and comprises a rod having a triangular cross-section.
 149. A polymer implant according to claim 148 wherein the polymer implant is prepared prior to implantation.
 150. A polymer implant according to claim 126 wherein the high modulus fiber reinforcing component is braided and comprises a rod having a circular cross-section.
 151. A polymer implant according to claim 148 wherein the rod is cannulated.
 152. A polymer implant according to claim 150 wherein the rod is cannulated.
 153. A polymer implant of claim 151 wherein the cannulation is created by forming the polymer implant over a mandrel and then removing the mandrel after the implant is cured.
 154. A polymer implant of claim 152 wherein the cannulation is created by forming the polymer implant over a mandrel and then removing the mandrel after the implant is cured.
 155. A polymer implant according to claim 149 wherein the polymer implant comprises at least two high modulus fiber reinforcing components each comprising a braided rod having a triangular cross-section, and further wherein the at least two high modulus fiber reinforcing components combine to form larger structures.
 156. A polymer implant according to claim 126 wherein the polymer implant is formed into a shape selected from the group consisting of a screw, a rod, a pin, a nail and a bone anchor. 157.-185. (canceled)
 186. A composite implant comprising an injectable matrix material which is flowable and settable, and at least one reinforcing element for integration with the injectable matrix material, the injectable matrix material comprising a resin, and the at least one reinforcing element adding sufficient strength to the injectable matrix material such that when the composite implant is disposed in a cavity in a bone, the composite implant supports the bone.
 187. A composite implant according to claim 186 wherein the resin comprises an acrylic resin.
 188. A composite implant according to claim 187 wherein the acrylic resin comprises a mixture of prepolymerized acrylic resins or styrene acrylic resins having molecular weights from about 200 to 20,000 daltons, and acrylic monomers selected from the group consisting of methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate ethylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylol propane triacrylate and trimethylol propane triamethacrylate, and an organic peroxide free radical initiator, with the mixture having an initial viscosity from about 200 cps to about 5000 cps at 20-25 degrees C.
 189. A composite implant according to claim 187 wherein the acrylic resin further comprises at least one from the group consisting of inorganic fillers, stabilizers to prevent cure of the acrylic monomers during storage and activators to accelerate the free radical cure of the acrylic resin.
 190. A composite implant according to claim 186 wherein the resin comprises a polyurethane having terminal isocyanate functionality and a viscosity from about 800 cps to about 10,000 cps at the temperature when the resin is applied to the at least one reinforcing element and a viscosity of at least 50,000 cps at 20-25 degrees C.
 191. A composite implant according to claim 186 wherein the resin has a terminal isocyanate functionality and is applied to the at least one reinforcing element at a temperature from about 100 degrees C. to about 200 degrees C., the at least one reinforcing element having been surface coated with a size or prime that provides additional adhesion between the resin and the at least one reinforcing element and can optionally act as a secondary catalyst for further molecular weight increase of the resin and adhesion to the at least one reinforcing element.
 192. A composite implant according to claim 186 wherein the compressive modulus ratio between the cured resin and the at least one reinforcing element is from about 1:3 to about 1:20, and the flexural modulus ratio between the cured resin and the at least one reinforcing element is about 1:3 to about 1:10.
 193. A composite implant according to claim 186 wherein the resin is applied to the at least one reinforcing element in a continuous process, with the resin having a viscosity (at application temperature) of from about 2 Pas to about 2000 Pas, with fiber content of the at least one reinforcing element being from about 5 volume percent to about 75 volume percent.
 194. A composite implant according to claim 186 wherein the at least one reinforcing element comprises at least one from the group consisting of E-glass, bio glass, soluble glass, resorbable glass, carbon fiber, polyaramid fiber, PET fiber, ceramic fiber, PEEK fiber, fibers formed from homopolymers or copolymers of one or more monomers selected from D lactic acid, L lactic acid dilactides of D and L isomers, glycolic acid, and/or combinations thereof.
 195. A composite implant according to claim 186 wherein the at least one reinforcing element comprises at least one from the group consisting of a series of single filaments, woven filaments or a composite mesh containing one or more different compositional fibers.
 196. A composite implant according to claim 186 wherein the at least one reinforcing element comprises a very high modulus fiber (e.g., a fiber having a modulus greater than about 80 GPa compressive strength) and a low modulus thermoplastic fiber (e.g., a fiber having a modulus less than 8 GPa), wherein the thermoplastic fiber is pre-melted so as to provide a retaining structure for the very high modulus fiber.
 197. A composite implant according to claim 196 wherein the very high modulus fiber has a modulus greater than about 80 GPa compressive strength.
 198. A composite implant according to claim 196 wherein the low modulus thermoplastic fiber has a modulus less than 8 GPa.
 199. A composite implant according to claim 187 wherein the acrylic resin comprises a mixture of prepolymerized acrylic resins (or styrene acrylic resins) having molecular weights from about 200 to 20,000 daltons, and acrylic monomers selected from the group consisting of methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate ethylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylol propane triacrylate and trimethylol propane triamethacrylate, and an organic peroxide free radical initiator, with the mixture having an initial viscosity from about 200 cps to about 5000 cps at 20-25 degrees C.
 200. A composite implant according to claim 199 further comprising additional additives selected from the group consisting of inorganic fillers, stabilizers to prevent cure of the acrylic monomers during storage, and/or activators to accelerate the free radical cure of the acrylic resin.
 201. A composite implant according to claim 196 wherein the very high modulus fiber has a surface which is coated with a sizing agent, or a primer, which provides additional adhesion between the acrylic resin and at least one reinforcing element.
 202. A composite implant according to claim 201 wherein the sizing agent, or primer, acts as a secondary catalyst for the polymerization of the acrylic monomers.
 203. A composite implant according to claim 201 wherein the very high modulus fiber is surface coated with an amino functional material selected from the group consisting of amino silanes, lysine, polyamines, amino acids and polyamino acids.
 204. A composite implant according to claim 186 wherein the resin comprises a polyurethane having terminal isocyanate functionality and a viscosity from about 800 cps to about 10,000 cps (at the temperature when the urethane resin is applied to the at least one reinforcing element and a viscosity of at least 50,000 cps at 20-25 degrees C.
 205. A composite implant according to claim 204 wherein the resin comprises a polyurethane having terminal isocyanate functionality, which is applied to the at least one reinforcing element at a temperature of about 100 degrees C. to about 200 degrees C.
 206. A composite implant according to claim 186 wherein the at least one reinforcing element is surface coated so as to provide additional adhesion between the resin and the at least one reinforcing element.
 207. A composite implant according to claim 206 wherein the at least one reinforcing element is surface coated with a sizer or primer.
 208. A composite implant according to claim 206 wherein the surface coating acts as a secondary catalyst for further molecular weight increase of the resin and can facilitate adhesion to the at least one reinforcing element.
 209. A composite implant according to claim 206 wherein the at least one reinforcing element is surface coated with an amino functional material selected from the group consisting of amino silanes, lysine, polyamines, amino acids, and polyamino acids.
 210. A composite implant according to claim 186 wherein the resin is a polyurethane, and the composite implant also contains residual isocyanate groups in the composite implant such that they can be stored in a dry inert atmosphere without further crosslinking reactions, and then, when applied in the body where moisture is present, will further cure until no residual isocyanate groups are present.
 211. A composite implant according to claim 210 wherein the composite implant comprises up to about 4% by weight of polymer-bound isocyanate groups.
 212. A composite implant according to claim 210 wherein the composite implant provides a foamed surface structure in the body during final cure so as to accommodate the special difference between the polymer implant and the cavity constructed to accommodate the polymer implant, thus providing improved strength and stiffness to the repaired bone area. 